|| Small testis || Absent genital development || Small genital & genital enlargement ||
  || Less beard & moustache || Hypogonadism || Testosterone deficiency || Andropause || Male Infertility ||
|| Breast enlargement in male ||  Male hormone Disorders || Less Body muscles and under weight ||

Male infertility i.e. difficulty in getting wife pregnancy due to defect in semen as decreased sperm count & low (Poor) motility or abnormal sperms occurs due to above causes. Treatment of low sperm count & motility are discussed below.
 Low sperm count or Low (Poor) motility
 Nil sperms (Azoospermia)

NIL sperms (Azoospermia)

What is Azoospermia (Nil Sperm):  Azoospermia is called when there is no sperm in semen. This type of semen disorder is found in approximately 3% of infertile men i.e. absent sperm. You should know that testis has two separate functions

(i)                  Production of normal sperms in semen which needed for pregnancy & normal fertility.

(ii)                The other function of testis is production of male hormones i.e. testosterone & others. So in most patients with nil sperms though semen has absent sperms still production of male hormones remains normal.

How sperms develop: When boy becomes of 14 years of age then L.H. & F.S.H. hormone secretion from pituitary increases. The rise in these hormones leads to proliferation of sperm forming cells (Germ Cells) in the testis. These germ cells start multiplying under the effect of above-mentioned pituitary hormones along with assistance of other hormones as testosterones, Growth hormones, Androstenidione, insulin like growth factor-I, Thyroids hormone, paracrine hormone & growth factors. Under the control of above-mentioned hormones germs cells divide & transformed into primary spermatocytes. Then further maturation of primary spermatocytes to spermatids & then finally into mature spermatozoa (i.e. normal sperms) occurs under the control of above-mentioned hormones. After few weeks of progressive maturation inside the testis these sperms become normally motile & develop the capacity to fertilize the ovum. This total sperm cycle, from first stage to final stage of normal mature sperms is of three months. Thus to produce normal sperms testis should have normal sperm producing germ cells & normal regulating hormones. Any major hindrance in the development of these spermatozoa will lead to absent sperm production resulting into nil sperm..
 
Causes  of Nil Sperms: The various causes of  nil sperm are as follows :  
 
Hormone disorder : The various endocrine (Hormone) disorder leading to azoospermia are as follows  
 
(i) Hormone deficiency of pituitary gland as L.H., F.S.H., Prolactin, thyroids hormone, hypothalmic deficiency of GnRH, Pituitary gland failure, Hypopituitarism, Idiopathic hypopituitarism, Kallman syndrome, Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Drugs, toxins, Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism & due to many more causes. 
 
(ii) Obstruction in the outflow of semen (Sperms) from testis to outside through urethral opening. Many times the production of sperms in testis is absolutely normal but these sperm are unable to come out due to obstruction in the out flow tract leading to absent sperms in the semen. The various causes of obstruction are absent vas deferens, absent seminal vesicle, posttraumatic, post surgical ligation of vas deferens. After some infections, as chlamydial, gonococcal urethritis. It may also be due to post tubercular epididimo-orchitis. The sperm may also not come out of testis if the are imotile due to any of the following causes as imotile cilia syndrome, kartagener syndrome cystic fibrosis & many other rare diseases. 
 
(iii) Absence of germ cells in testis also called sertoli cell only syndrome. In this there are no germs cells i.e. sperm forming cells in the testis. For you knowledge, I wish to inform you that in testis germ cell come to testis from neural cord area of the body during neural cord area of the body during development of fetus. So in some fetuses this migration of sperm cells do not occurs leading to testis only having testosterone forming & sertoli cells. Thus this condition is called sertoli sell only syndrome it is a developmental defect. 
 
(iv) Maturation Arrest (. Spermatid arrest): of primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocyte, spermatids or to mature spermatozoa. Due to may local, systemic, hormonal growth factor deficiency or due to idiopathic factor. The various paracrine hormones and growth factors are essential for normal development i.e. maturation of one germ cells to multiplication of ultimately production of multiple mature, normal & motile sperms. Many other factor as infection, varicocele, drugs, chemotherapy may also lead to maturation arrest. The other causes may by developmentally defective germs cells & spermatocyte. So that they did not have inherent capacity of developing into a mature & motile sperms.
 
4) Testicular disorders (primary leydig cell dysfunction), Chromosomal (Klinefelter syndrome and variants, XX male gonadal dysgenesis), Defects in androgen biosynthesis, Orchitis (mumps, HIV, other viral, ),Myotonia dystrophica, Toxins (alcohol, opiates, fungicides, insecticides, heavy metals, cotton seed oil), Drugs (cytotoxic drugs, ketoconazole, cimetidine, spironolactone)

5)  Varicocele (Grade 3 or more severe): A varicocele is a varicose vein in the cord that connects to the testicle. (A varicose vein is one that is abnormally enlarged and twisted.)
Varicocele decreases sperm productions by elevating temperature of the testis, may produce higher levels of nitric oxide chemical in the testis which blocks sperm production, varicocele damages sperms directly & lastly varicocele decrease the oxygen supply to testis.

6) Drugs (e.g. spironolactone, alcohol, ketoconazole, cyclophosphamide, estrogen administration, sulfasalazine)

7) Presence of Antisperm antibody. These Antisperm antibodies bind with sperms & either make them less motile, totally immotile or even dead which is called necrospermia 

8) Trauma

9)  Environmental toxins

10) Viral orchits

11) Granulomatous disease as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis of the testis

12) Defects associated with systemic diseases, Liver diseases, Renal failure, Sickle cell disease, Celiac disease

13) Neurological disease as myotonic dystrophy

14) Development and structural defects, Germinal cell aplasia, sertoli cell only  syndrome, Cypt-orchidism

15) Androgen resistance

16) Mycoplasma infection
 
17) Cystic fibrosis patients often have missing or obstructed vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm) and hence a low sperm count.

18) Klinefelter syndrome patients carry two X and one Y chromosomes (the norm is one X and one Y), which leads to the destruction of the lining of the sperm forming germ cell in the testis.

19) Environmental Assaults: Over exposure to environmental assaults (toxins, chemicals, infections) can cause nil sperm either by direct suppression of sperm production or on the hormone. Some chemicals that affect sperm production men are: Oxygen-Free Radicals, Estrogen emulation pesticidal chemicals (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, PCPs, dioxins, and furans), plastic softening chemicals like Phthalates, hydrocarbons (ethylbenzene, benzene, toluene, and xylene)

20) Exposure to Heavy Metals: Chronic exposure to heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, or arsenic may affect sperm production and may cause nil sperms in otherwise healthy men. Trace amounts of these metals in semen seem to inhibit the function of enzymes contained in the sperms, the membrane that covers the head of the sperm.

20) Radiation Treatment: Over-exposure to radiation & xrays affect any rapidly dividing cell, so cells that produce sperm are quite sensitive to radiation damage. Cells exposed to significant levels of radiation may take up to two years to resume normal sperm production, and, in severe circumstances, may never recover.

21) Misuse of substances: There are a number of banned substances that can have potentially lethal effects on sperm production. Taking anabolic steroids, for example, to increase performance in sports such as weight lifting, can dramatically alter both the motility and the health of the spermatozoa. Other banned substances, such as cocaine, marijuana and heroin can reduce sperm production & may make a man infertile.

22) HGH Deficiency

Diagnosis of Cause of Nil Sperm Count

For correct diagnosis of cause of nil sperm count, we need detail history & physical examinations then certain relevant investigations are required.

History & Physical Examinations: First step in proper treatment is accurate diagnosis of cause of nil sperm count. So we first try to find out cause. We take detailed history, thorough drug history, and general physical examination, examination of testis, epididymis & testicular veins & sperm carrying duct examinations. These examinations give idea about whether testis is normally developed or not & how is its function. After that depending on likelihood of particular, cause relevant tests are done. All testing facilities are available at our centre. Thus you may consult us at our centre & at same time you may get all tests done. The time taken in getting all the reports ready is 36 hours. So if you are from out of Delhi, you may come here for two days.

Investigation & Diagnosis: For completes diagnosis of causes of azoospermia (nil sperms) one or more of the following tests may be required as:

1) Complete male hormone profile: This profile includes all the male hormone tests which affect testicular development, growth & other genital organ development as well as genital functions. L.H., F.S.H., Testosterone, prolactins, thyroids test,

2) Antisperm antibody  

3) USG or Doppler study of scrotum & testis

4) Semen culture sensitivity

5) Semen fructose

6) Fine Needle Testicular Biopsy of the testis to look for evidence of spermatogenesis & testicular structure.

8) Human Sperm-Zona Pellucida Binding Ratio

9) Human Sperm-Zona Pellucida Pentration test

10) Genetic Studies

11) FNAC Testis

12) Egg penetration test

13) Molecular genetic studies done in some special cases

14) Chromosome analysis i.e. Karyotype (chromosome analysis)

15) Assessment of androgen receptor

16) Combined Pituitary hormone tests is performed when needed 

17) Immunobead test

18) MRI head, Hemogram, test for systemic diseases.

19) Olfactory test is done to find out kallman's syndrome

  At our center facility for all the above tests are available.

                              Treatment of Nil Sperms:

 After the finding out cause of azoospermia treatment is started depending on the cause found. 
 
 The various treatments are as follows:

Correction of the Cause: First of all we try to find out the primary cause of nil sperms by above mentioned investigations. Then we correct the basic defect i.e. correction of hormone disorder & other defects. We also give following treatment for permanent cure of low sperm count & motility disorder.

1) Correction of Hormone deficiencies: Once the hormone disorder is found then it is corrected by any of the below medicines. Usually sperm count normalizes in three month time with proper hormone treatment. 

2) Gonadotropin Therapy: Gonadotropins are most potent natural stimulators of sperm production in the testis. Once we start gonadotropin therapy, these gonadotropins stimulates the sperm producing cells in testis. Under the stimulating influence of gonadotropins dormant sperm forming cells which were not producing any sperms, they start dividing & produce multiple immature sperm cells with in three to four weeks. These are further matured in next two to three month into mature sperms under the influence of gonadotropin treatment. Thus in more than 90% cases sperm production can be normalized in three to four months time if it is started in properly selected cases of nil sperms. Gonadotropin therapy is most successful of all the available treatment for nil sperms till now. In many cases of nil sperm count, when all other treatment has failed even in those cases gonadotropin therapy is effective. Thus treatment of nil sperms with gonadotropin results in pregnancy soon.

3) Repronex.

4) Bravelle

5) Ovidrel

6) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) analogs

7) Growth hormone therapy in many cases where somatropin deficiency is found

8) In cases of Antisperm antibody induced cases treatment is sperm washing followed by intrauterine insemination, steroid use or intra-cytoplasmic injection of sperms (ICSI).

8) Growth Factor, Mineral & Micronutrient Therapy 

9) Free Radial Scavengers: These are drug to reduce the free damaging oxidative radical in the testis. For your information every minute lot of oxidant radicals are generated inside the testis which damages sperm forming cells. These special antioxidant drugs scavenge these damaging oxidative free radicals thus leading to production of normal sperms by the testis. In many study these free radical scavengers have been found to be very-very effective in normalizing sperm count.

10) Coenzyme ubique: These drugs improve the nutritional status of the testis. Thus sperm forming cells get enough nutrient which helps in fast generation of sperms in good number with good motility & fertilizing capacity.

11)  carnititine supplimentation increases the production of sperm, with normalization of sperm count in three months.

13) Bromocriptine. This medication is for men who has elevated levels of prolactin, then this hormone rise decreases the sperm production

14) Correction of thyroid hormone

15) Correction of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

17) Zinc

19) Antibiotics

23) Hgh

26) AIH

27) Certain Newer Drugs has been found very effective

28) Surgery: Depending on the surgery may be a treatment option for nil sperm count due to blockade of the tract from testis to the tip of pennis (i.e. obstructive azoospermia). Surgery is also the treatment of choice for significant varicocele. Similarly surgery may be one of the treatment options for many endocrine tumours.  
Surgical reconstruction When obstruction in transport of sperm from testis to outside is diagnosed, it is treated by surgical reconstruction. All this surgical treatment facility is provided by our expert micro surgeon. In this obstruction segment is bypassed by surgical anastomosis. 

29) But there are many cases of azoospermia in which inspite of best treatment sperm production either does not improves or is impossible. In these cases we do fine needle testicular biopsy in which sometimes we may get some normal sperms or even spermatids. These spermatocytes or sperms are then injected in ovum leading to formation embryo. These embryos are ten transferred into uterus leading to achievement of pregnancy. 
 
30) But in some cases inspite of all efforts no sperm can not be produced. In such cases we advise artificial insemination by semen from donor. In this normal semen is taken from sperm i.e. semen bank. This is one of the very successful method of treatment with minimal cost involvement.

  31) Test tube baby is also delivered with our efforts by use of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), then transfer of embryo to uterus of mother.

32) Semen Bank: Facility for good quality sperm is semen bank in also available. At our center we have facility for all the testing & treatment facility required for low sperm count to achieve pregnancy. 

33) Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
ART has revolutionized the treatment of infertility. Each year thousands of babies are born in India as a result of ART. Medical advances have enabled many couples to have their own biological child.

The most common forms of ART include:

a)      In vitro fertilization (IVF). This is the very effective ART technique. IVF involves retrieving mature eggs from a woman, fertilizing them with a sperm from sperm bank in a dish in a laboratory and implanting the embryos in the uterus three to five days after fertilization.  

b)      Surgical sperm aspiration. This technique involves removing sperm from part of the male reproductive tract such as the epididymis, vas deferens or testicle. This allows retrieval of sperm if blockage is present.

c)      Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This technique consists of a microscopic technique (micromanipulation) in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization in conjunction with the standard IVF procedure.

34) Varicocele ligation

A varicocele is an abnormal tortuosity and dilation of veins of within the scrotum. It can be surgically treated - which might help fertility in some cases.

At our center we have facility for all the testing & treatment facility required for nil sperm count to achieve pregnancy. 
 
Response of Treatment: By above treatment many patients are cured in three to four months times. But if we  diagnose that this problem is not curable in such cases we tell the patient that your problem is incurable & suggest them other available options as test tube baby, ICSI, AIH etc..

For consultation & treatment (by appointment / or online) click How to Consult Us

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We get patients from all major cities in India & Abroad . In the following cities all the facilities for investigation & treatments including medicines are available as Delhi (North, South, East, Central, West, New Delhi), Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Noida, Gurgaon, Meerut, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Ferozepur , Aurangabad, Manesar, Rewari, Pataudi, Rohtak, Bahadurgarh,Bombay,  Bhiwani, Karnal, Panipat , Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Batala, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Chandigarh, Calcutta,  Ferozepur Simla, Manali, Jammu, Udhampur, Poonch, Rajouri, Srinagar, Kargil, Aligarh, Mathura, Etawah, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kashi, Faizabad, Bareilly, Moradabad, Rampur., Dehradun, Uttarkashi, Meerut, Sitapur, Mathura,  Madras, Pilibhit, Nainital, Almora, Agra, Ferozabad, Jhansi, Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Ajmer, Beawar, Pali, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota, Dholpur, Churu, Ratangarh, Sikar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jalore, Rajkot, Porbandar, Jamnagar, Dwarka, Junagadh, Surendranagar, Bhav Nagar, Ambala, Ahmedabad, Gandhi Nagar, Godhra, Vadodara, Surat, Bilmora, Navasari, Mumbai, Sonapur, Kalbadevi, Girgaon, Dadar, Mahim, Dharavi, Juhu, Andheri, Kurla, Sahar, Pune, Thane, Palghar, Panaji, Panvel, Solapur, Pandharpur, Ahmednagar, Satara, Kolhapur, Ichalkaranji, Kalyan, Nasik, Dhule, Bhir, Nagpur, Bhandara, Amraoti, Khandwa, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Bhopal, Vidisha, Sagar, Guna, Shivpuri, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Bhilai, Raipur, Hyderabad, Zahirabad, Suryapet, Guntakal, Chittoor, Tirupati, Tirumala, Nandyal Vijayawada, Guntur, Goa,  Tenali, Nellore, Visakhapatnam, Vellore, Bangalore, Banglore, Ulsoor, Mysore, Srirangapatna, Hassan, Mangalore, Udupi, Manipal, Davanagere, Shimoga, Dharwad, Hubli, Bellary, Hospet, Bijapur, Belgaum, Chennai, Chengalpattu, Pondicherry, Tiruvannamalai, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Palani, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tirunelveli, Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, Nagercoil, Kanchipuram, Salem, Erode, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Pollachi, Kanyakumari, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, Calicut, Kottayam, Calcutta, Howrah, Purulia, Darjeeling, Siliguri, Gangtok, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Rourkela, Guwahati, Shillong, Imphal, Kohima, Agartala, Patna, Gaya, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Madhubani.

We also get patients from following major cities of the world as Aalborg, Abadan, Abidian, Abudhabi, Abuja, Acapulco, Addis,  Ababa, Adelaide, Agadir, Agana, Ahvaz, Akueryai, Al Ain, Al Khobar, Alaska, Aleppo, Alexandria,       Alexandroupolis, Algiers, AlicanteAll, Areas, All Parts, All parts, Alma-Ata, Almada, AlofiAmatitlan, Ambato, Amman, Amsterdam, Andorra, Andrup, Ankara, AntanarivoAntigua, Antwerp, Apia, Aqaba, Areqioca, Arusha, Ashghabat, Asmara, Assab, Assuncion, Atbara, Athens, Auckland, Augra  Do Heroism Bacolod, Badalona, Baghdad, Baku, Bamako, Bander seribegaw, Bangkok, Barcelona, Barranquilla, Basseterre, Bedzin, Beijing, Belfast, Belgrade, Belize, Bengui, Benha, Benina, Bergen, Berlin, Bern, Bethlehem, Bhutan, Bimini, Birmingham, Bisho, Bissau, Bizerta, Bobo Dioulasso, Bogra, Bonaire, Bonn, Boras, Brasilia, Bratislava, Brazov, Brazzavila, Bremen, Bridgetown, Brisbane, Bristol, charest, Budape  st Buenos Aires, Bujumbura, Bulawayo, Bundung, Burgas, Buzau, Caacupe, Cairo, Cali, Canberra, Cap Haitien, Cape Town, Carecas, Castries, Cebu, Chengdu, Chicago, Chiclayo, chittagong, Christchurch, Christmas Island, CocosKeeling Island, Cologne, Colombu, Conakry, Conception, Contonou, Copenhagen Cordaba,  Cork, Coroval, Corprivertion, Craiova, Cuenca, Cumana, Curacao, Dacca, Dakar, Damascus, Damman, Dangregia, Dar Es Salaam, Defeera, Derbrecen, Dewaniya, Diego Suarez, Diriamba, Djibouti, Doha, Dramman, Dubai, Dublin, Durban, Dushanbe, Dusseldort, El Salvador, Entebbe, Erevan, Equitorial Guinea, Fade N'Gorma, Falun, Faroe Islands, Fes, Franarantsoa, Frankfurt, Freeport, Freetown, French Guiana, Frunze.Ft de France, Fujairah,  Gaborone, Garbrovo, Genda, Geneva, George Town, Georgetown, Ghent, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Gonaives, Gondomar, Granada Grand Beirut, Graz,Guadalajara, Guautemala City, Guayaquil, Gyongyas, Hajja, Hamar, Hamburg, Hamilton, Havana, Halsinki, Ho Chi Milk City, Hodeidah, Homs, HongKong, Honiara, Honolulu, Houston, Hyvinkaa, Ibadan, Ikeja, Incheon, Industira, Invercargill, Isfahan, Islamabad, Island tuvalu, Istanbul, Jakarta, Janawa, Jeddah, Jerusalam, Jimma, Jinia, Johannesburg, Jaba, Kaduna, Kampala, Kaoshiung, Karachi, Karor, Kathmandu, Khartoum, Khon Kean, Khulna, Kiev, Kigalibad, Kingston, Kingstown, Kismayo, kitwe, Kobe, Kolding, Kosice, Koudougou, Kowloon, Kristianstav, Kula Belait, Kuala Lumpur, Kuantan, Kumasi, Kuwait, Kyoto, La Paz, Lady Ville, Lea, Lagos, Lahore, Lahti, Larissa, Las Palmas, Lattaquieh, Leeds, Leipzig, Librevilla, Lima, Limassol, Linden, Lisbon, Liverpool, Ljubl-iana, Lome, London, Los Angeles, Luanda, Lubumbashi, Lugazi, Lungi, Lusaka, Luxembourg, Macao, Madani, Madrid, Majuro, Maldonado, Male, Malmo, Managua, Manama, Mancheter, Manila, Mansoure, Manta, Maputo, Maracay, Marrakech, Maseru, Mashad, Mayotte, Mbabane, Mbale, Medan, Medlin, Melbourne, Mendoza, Mexico city, Miami, Micronesia, Milano, Misrata, Mmabatho, Mogadiscio, Mombassa, Monrovia, MonteCarlo, Monterrey, Monte-video, Montreal, Moscow, Mosule, Mulanje, Mumbai, Muscat, Mutare, Mwanza, Nabeul, Naestved, Nagozi, Nairobi, Najat, Nanjing, Nassau, Nastriya, Nazareth, Ndjamena, New Amsterdam, New-York, Niamey, Nicosia, Norrkoping, Nottingham, Nouakehott, Noumea, Nukualofa, Oklahoma City, Omdurman, Oradea, Orodtheab, Oruro, Osaka, Oslo, Ostrava, Ottawa, Ouagadougu, Oulu, Panama-City, Paralimni, Paramaribo, Paris, Paysandu, Perth, peshawar, Philadelphia, Pingtung, Piraeus, Piura, Pl Villa, Plazen, Plovdiv, Plymouth, Poneloya, Port Au Prince, PortSaid, Port-Sudan, Potosi, Prague, Praia, Pretoria, Pt Lousi, Pt of Spain, Pt.Stanley, Pte Apitre, Pusan, pyongyang, Rabat, Ramalla, Rarstonga, Rawalpindi, Reykyavik, Riga,Rio De Janeiro, Riyadh, Road Town, Rodriquez Islands, Rome, Rosario, Roseau, Rota, Rotterdam, Rzeszow, Saba, Sabh, Sailburg, Salta, Samoa-American, San Francisco, San Jose, San Marcos, San Marino, San pablo, Sandnes, San-Jaun, Sanna, Senta Cruz(Graciosa), Santa Cruz, Santiago, Santo Doming, Sao Paulo, SaoTome Island, Semarang, Seoul, Serrekunda, Sert, Sfax, Shangai, Shariah, Singapore, Skopie, Sofia, Sopot, ST.Denis, St.Georges, St.Helena, St.Johns, St.Pitterbuze, Stockholm, Strydom Airport, Stuttgart, Suphanburi, Suva, Sydney, Szekesfehervar, Taegu, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiz, Tallinn, Tamatave, Tampere, Tanga, Tashkent, Tavira, Tbilisi, Tegucigalpa, Tehran, Tel-Aviv, Tema, Temburong, Teneriffe, The Hague, The Valley, Thessaloniki, Thohoyandou, Thomwood, Thonbiri, Thyolo, Timisoara, Tirane, Titograde, Tokyo, Toronto, Tripoli, Tsumeb, Tunisi, Turks Caicos, Tutong, Ulan-Batar, Vaduz, Valetta, Valparasio, Vancouver, Vatican City, Victoria, Victoria Falls, Vienna, Vientiana, Vigo, VilaDOporto, Villa Nueva, Villarica, Vilua, Vina Del Mar, Volgagrad, W.Berlin, Wallis & Futuna Island, Warsaw, Washington Dc, Wellington, Windhoele, Yaounde, Yaren, Yokohama, Yundum, Zagreb, Zahle, Zurich.

 At these places all the facilities for investigation & treatments are available.

At our center / centre / clinic / clinics / hospital / hospitals doctors are dedicated for latest & scientific treatment of these diseases. 

HDL Cholesterol (Good Cholesterol), serum, HDV-Total antibodies to Hepatitis Delta Virus, serum, Heinz bodies, peripheral blood, Hirsutism profile (FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, Testosterone-total & free, DHT, Androsteindione, DHEAS, SHBG and Free androqen Index), Helicobacter Pylori - IgA antibodies, serum, Helicobacter Pylori - IgG antibodies,serum, Hepatitis B profile (HBsAg and Anti HBsAg, HBeAg and Anti HBeAg, Anti HBcAg IgM & total, Anti HDV), Hepatitis marker profile, Acute (HAV-IgM, HBsAg, HBcAg-IqM, Anti HCV, HEV-lqM), Hepatitis Profile (Complete) (Anti HAV-IgG, IgM, Anti HCV, Anti HEV-lqM and Hepatitis B profile), Her-2/Neu (C-Er-B2) by Immunohistochemistry, Herpes (Varicella) Zoster-IgG antibodies, Herpes (Varicella) Zoster-IgM antibodies, HEV-IgM Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus, serum, HGH- Human Growth Hormone, Serum, High resolution banding Karyotyping, Histone antibody, Histopathology-Small Specimen, Histopathology-Large Specimen, Histopathology-Large Specimen, Histopathology-Large Specimen, HIV 1 & II antibody screen (3rd generation test), HIV-DUO antigen & antibody screen(IV th Gen), HIV-proviral DNA, HIV-1-RNA Detection, plasma (Qualitative), HIV-1-RNA Quantification (Viral load), plasma, HIV-COMBO (CD4/CD8 counts and HIV Viral load), HIV-early detection profile (HIV-DUO, p24 antigen, HIV-RNA, qualitative), HIV-p24 antigan. Serum, qualitative) HIV-p24 antigen, serum, HIV-Track (CBC, CD4/CD8, HIV Viral load, Anti HCV, HBsAg, Toxoplasma-IgM, Cryptococcus antigen, Beta-2-microglobulin, AFB culture, opportunistic infection panel), HIV-Drug genotyping and drug resistance test, HLA ABC Tissue typing, HLAB7, HLA DR Tissue typing, HLA-A Locus, HLA-A.B, DRB & DOB Locus, HLA-B Locus, HLA-B27, blood, HLA-B27/B7, blood, HLA-C Locus, HLA-DQB Locus, HLA-DRB Locus, HMB-45, Homocysteine, Homogentisic acid (Alkaptanuria), HPV-DNA by Oigene hybrid capture system, HRT Profile (FSH, LH, E2), HSV 1&2 IgG antibodies to (Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2, HSV 1&2 IgM antibodies to ‘Herpes Simplex Virus 1 &2, HSV 1 and 2 by real time PCR, HSV 1 and 2 by real time PCR, HSV 1 IgG antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus 1, HSV 1 IgM antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus 1, HSV 2 IgG antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus 2, HSV 2 IgM antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus 2, Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcus) - IgG, serum, Hypertension profile, Routine (CBC, Urine rt, FBS, BUN, Creatinine, Uric acid, Electrolytes, Bicarbonate and lipid profile mini), IBD profile, serum (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) (MPO-ANCA, PR3 ANCA, ASCA-lqG and IqA), IgA, IgE, serum, IgG, IgM, IGF BP-3, serum, IGF-1 (Somatomedin C), serum, IHA for Amoebiasis, IL-1 alpha receptor, IL-1 beta receptor, IL-10, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, Immunofixation, Qualitative (Includes protein electrophoresis and Immunofixation), Immunofixation, Quantitative (Protein Electrophoresis, quantification of heavy & light chains & Immunofixation), Immunoglobulin profile, profile (FSH, LH, Prolactin, Testosterone, SHBG, Free Androgen Index), India Ink Preparation, CSF, Infectious Mononucleosis test, serum, Infertility profile (Male) (CBC, FBS, PPBS, BUN, Urine it, Semen rt, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Testosterone, ASAB, Chlamydia IgG/lgA), Infertility profile, Female (CBC, FBS, PPBS, BUN, Urine rt, Blood group, FSH, LH, Prolactin, TSH, ASAB, Chlamydia IgG/lgA), Influenza A & B, IgM Antibody, Insulin antibody, Insulin, serum, Insulin Suppression test for C-peptide test (FastingI & post insulin (0.1 U/Kg of body wt) samples at 10,20,30,40,50,60 Minutes), Interferon Gamma, Intrinsic factor antibody, serum, ionised calcium, serum, Iron, Iron studies, Serum, Islet cell antibody, serum, Isospcra, stool, Jo-1 antibody, serum, Karyotyping (Giemsa banding) (G banding) (For numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities), Karyotyping-High resolution banding, Kappa light chain, serum, Kappa/Lambda light chains, KCT-Kaolin Clotting time, plasma, Ketone bodies, urine, Ki-67, KOH mount, La Antibody SSB (Soluble substance B), serum, LAC (Lupus Anticoagulants) (screen), plasma, Lactate, Lambda light chain, serum, Lamotrigine, serum, Lanoxin (Digoxin), serum by CLIA, LDH Isoenzymes, serum, LDH-Lactate Dehydroqenase, LDL Cholesterol (Bad Cholesterol) (Direct), LDL Subtractions, LE Cell Detection, blood   , Lead, Lead poisoning tests, urine (ALA & PBG), Legionelta pneumophila IgM antibody, Leishmania antibody-IgG (for Kala Azar), Leptin (Human Leptin), Leptospira - IgG antibody, serum, Leptospira - IgM Antibody, serum, Leptospira, urine, Leucocyte Common Antigen by Immunohistochemistry, LH-Leutinising Hormone (Specific), serum, Lipase level, serum, Lipid profle, Max! (Cholesterol-total, HDL, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides, Lp(a), Apolipoproteins A1/B), Lipid profle, Mini(Cholesterol-total, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides), Lipids, total, Lipoprotein Electrophoresis, serum, Lipoprotein(a) , serum, Lithium level, serum (Collect 12hrs post medication), Liver biopsy with Reticulin and Trichrome stain, Liver function test (Bilirubin-total, direct and indirect, SGOT, SGPT, GGTP, Proteins, Alkaline phosphatase), Liver and Germ Cell Markers (AFP, HCG Beta), Liver Marker profile (AFP, CEA), LKM1-Antibodies to Liver Kidney Microsomes, serum, Lung Marker profile (NSE, CEA), Lupus Anticoagulants (LAC) (screen), plasma, Lyme disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi) antibodies screen, Lysozyme (Muramidase) by Immunohistochemistry, Magnesium, serum, Malaria by Real time PCR, blood, Malarial Antibody, blood, Malarial Antigen (Vivax & Falciparum), blood, Malarial Parasite, blood, Mammography, Manganese, Mantoux lest (Tuberculin test) (For walkins), Marijuana (Cannabis) (THC), urine (Qualitative),, Marijuana (Cannabis) (THC), urine (Quantitative), Masson Trichrome stain for histopathology, MCP-1, Measles (Rubeola) -IgG antibodies, Measles (Rubeola)-IgM antibodies, Measles (Rubeola) -IgM antibodies, Meningitis Panel (IgG & IgM antibody to Coxsackie,

Different Hospitals in india are: Moolchand Health Care, St. Stephen’s Hospital, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, G.B Pant Hospital, Lok Nayak Hospital, RG Stone Urological Reasarch Institue, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Jeevan Hospital, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Orthonova Hospital, Batra Hospital, Sahi Hospital, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Holy Faimly Hospital, Jeevan Mala Hospital, Jaipur Golden Hospital, Lady Harding Hospital, Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, Mata Chanan Devi Hospital, Safdarjung Hospital, Mohindra Hospital, M.P Heart centre Hospital, Bara Hospital, Hindu Rao Hospital, Holy Angels Hospital, Shankar Hospital, Holy Family Hospital, Chopra Hospital, Escorts Hospital St. Stephen's Hospital, Vardaan Hospital, Visitech Eye Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, Safdarjung Hospital, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash (LNJP) Hospital, Private Hospital, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Kalra Hospital,  Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bowring Hospital, B W Lions Eye Hospital, Bangalore Hospital, Bangalore Children's Hospital, Genesis Hospital, Lakeside Hospital, M G A Hospital, Mallya Hospital, Manipal Hospital, Sindhi Charitable Hospital, Yellamma Dasappa Hospital,  Sir Harkisandas Narottamdas Hospital, Prince Alikhan Hospital, Saifee Hospital, Breach Candy Hospital, Jaslok Hospital, Habib Ismail Hosptal, Kalajyot Hospital, Motiben Dalvi Hospital, Bombay Hospital, Corwest Jain Clinic Group of Hospitals, D.S. Kothari Hospital, Lotus Hospital, Elizabeth Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, The Bomanji Dinshaw Petit Parsee Hospital, Cumbala Hill Hospital, Noor Hospital, K.B. Haji Bachoali Charitable Ophthalmic & ENT Hospital, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hspital, Nawroji Wadia Maternity Hospital, Wadia Hospital, Yerla Medical Trust Hospital, Tarachand Bappa Hospital, Dhanwantari Hospital, Shri Samasta Parajiya Suvarna Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Holi Spirit Hospital, Lilavati Hospital, The Bandra Holy Family Hospital, Raheja Hospital, Gurunanak Memorial Hospital, Ramakrishna Mission Hospital, Radhibai Watumull Global Hospital, BSES Hospital, Sushrut Hospital, LH Hiranandani Hospital, Maganlal Popatlal & Sarvoday Hospital, Rajawadi Municipal General Hospital, Shatabdi Hospital, KBB Hospital, V.N. Hospital, Dr.K.B. Babha Hospital, Cooper Hospital, Bhagwati Hospital, Sion Hospital, K.E.M. Hospital Nayar Hospital, Kama Hospital, G.T. Hospital, J.J. Hospital, Sr.George Hospital, Aliganj Hospital, Blue Cross Hospital, Getwell Hospital, Krishna Lok Hospital, Lucknow Hospital, Medwin Hospital and Health Centre, Vivekanand Hospital, G.M.Associate Hospital, Dufferin Hospital, Civil Hospital, Communicable/Infectious Diseases Hospital Lifeline Hospital and Heart Centre, Lucknow Hospital, Shalimar Hospital, Rajendranagar Hospital Tuberculosis Hospital, Lucknow Rajpoot Hospital, Nishat Hospital, Z A Chartable Hospital, Indira Gandhi Eye Hospital, Sitapur Eye Hospital, Awadh Hospital and Heart Centre, Balrampur Hospital, Cantonment General Hospital, Civil Hospital, Dr.Shyama Prasad Mukherjie Hospital, Fatima Hospital, G.M.Associate Hospital, K.K.Hospital, Veerangana Jhalkari Bai Female Hospital, Shekhar Hospital, Queen Mary Hospital, Osmania General Hospital, Gandhi Hospital, Government Maternity Hospital, Nilofar Hospital, Cancer Hospital, T.B. Hospital, Hospital for Mental Diseases, Sarojini Devi Hospital, Sundram Medical Foundation, Chennai. MIOT Hospital, Chennai. Apollo Hospital, Madras. Malar Hospital Limited, Gandhi Nagar Adyar, Chenni. Calcutta Medical College Hospital. N.R.S. Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta. R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta. Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Instt. of Postgraduate Med. Education & Research, Calcutta Seth S.K.M. Hospital, Calcutta. Sambhu Nath Pandit Hospital, Calcutta. Lady Dufferinvictoria Hospital, Calcutta. Howrah General Hospital, Howrah, Hoogly Sadar Hospital, Hoogly, Chittaranjan Seva Sadan & Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital,  Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan General Hospital, Calcutta.

J.J. Group of Hospitals, Bombay. St George’s Hospital, Bombay G.T. Hospital, Bombay.

Cama and Albless Hospitals, Bombay. Civil Hospital, Sholapur, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Thana, Maharashtra. U.S.T. No. 3, Kelyan, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Jalgaon, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Dhulia, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Nasik. Sassoon Hospital, Poona. Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, camp Aundh, Poona. Civil Hospital, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Satara, Maharashtra. C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Mayo Hospital, Nagpur. Medical College Hospital, Nagpur. Main Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra. Main Hospital, Canda, Maharashtra. Main Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra. Govt. District Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra. Mian Hospital, Buldhana, Maharashtra. T.B. Sanotorium, Buldhana, Maharashtra. Irwin Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra. Main Hospital, Yeotmal, Maharashtra. T.B. Hospital, Gondia, Maharashtra. Madical College & Civil Hospital, Aurangabad. T.B. Santorium & General Hospital, Hominabad, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Nanded, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Bhir, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Osmanabad, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Alibagh, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Julga, Maharashtra. K.E.M. Hospital, Bombay. BYL Nair Hospital, Bombay. City Fever Hospital, Bombay. Municipal General Hospital, Sion, Bombay. N.M. Wadi Hospital, Sholapur, Maharashtra. The Dhanarajgiriji Hospital, Sholapur, Maharashtra. Wanless Hospital, Miraj, Maharashtra. Evangeline Booth Hospital, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. General Hospital, Talegaon, Maharashtra. St. Luke’s Hospital, Shrirampur, Maharashtra. Tilak Hospital, Bombay. Masine Hospital, Bombay. Bhati General Hospital, Bombay. Khan Bahadur Haji Bachoo Ali Free Ophthalmic Hospital, Bombay. Bombay Hospital Trust, Bombay. Sarvodaya Hospital, Ghatkopar, Bombay. Sir Harkishandas Narrotamdas Hospital, Bombay. Bai Jeerabai Wadi Hospital for Children, Bombay. Dr. Balabhai Nanavati Hospital, Bombay. Bomani Dinsh Petit Parsi General Hospital, Bombay Jagjivan Ram Hospital, Bombay. Ruby Hall Nursing Home, Poona-1. Jahangir Nursing Home, Poona. K.E.M. Hospital, Poona-2. Shrimant Fatesinhrao Gaekwar General Hospital, Vatrak, Maharashtra. Central Raly. Headquarters Hospital, Bombay. Cantonments General Hospital, Poona. Central Railway Hospital, Sholapur, Maharashtra. Central Railway Hospital, Igatpur, Maharashtra. Seth S.N. Hospital, Sholapur, Maharashtra. Daya Memorial Hospital, Nagpur. Civil Hospital, Parbhani, Maharashtra. Civil Hospital, Ambajogai, Maharashtra. Indian Security Press Hospital, Nasik Road, Maharashtra. E.S.I. S. Hospital, Worli, Bombay. Mahatma Gabndhi Memorial Hospital, Bombay. S.K. Patil Arogyadham Hospital, Bombay. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Bombay. Municipal K.E.M. Hospital & Maternity Home. Ichalkaranji, Distt. Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Madhav Samariti Hospital, Kurduwadi, Distt. Sholapur, Maharashtra.

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Other Hormone Disorder

Hyperpobetalipoproteinemia, familia, Hyperrgininemia, Hyperbradykininism, Hypercalcemia. Familial hypoclciuric hypercalcemia; Humoral hypercalce mia malignancy absortive, acromegaly, Addison crisis, adrenal insufficiency, adrenocortica insufficiency, advanced chronic liver disease, breast cancer, breast cancer, calcitonin , calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion , cardiovascular effects , cerebral effects , coexistence two causes , dialysis patients, differential diagnosis , PTHrP assays , drug-induced, ectopic calcification, elderly, endocrinopathy associated with, with excessive production 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, factitious, familial.. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia beningn. Hypercalcemia, familial hypocalciuric familial hypocalciuric, clinical manifestation , differential diagnosis , genetics , laboratory findings , pathophysiology , treatment , fetal, gastrointestinal complicatios , granulomatous disease, Graves diasease, , homeostatic response , with hypderalbuminemia, hyperparathyroidism, management , reanla failure, with hyperproteinemia, hypertension hyperthyroidism, with hypophosphatemia, immobilization, infancy childhood , clinical management , idiopathic, clinical presentation, , differential diagnosis, , laboratory findings , pathogenesis , prognosis , treatment , infantile ocular manifestations , with suprevalvulaaortic stenosis. Williams syndrome infants mothers with, with lactation, lithium-related, malignancy, bisphosphonates differential diagnosis , eicosanoids , laboratory findings local osteolytic, miscellanceous acuses fo phosphosurs infusion phospharus infusion ofor, with manganese intoxication, maternal, neonatal hypoparathyroidis, MEN1 screening , milk-alkali syndrome, multiple myloma, mediators , myeloma calcium-binding protein , neonatal, clinical findings , disorders associated with, primary hyperparathyroidism, treatment , nephrogenis diabetes insipidus , neuromuscular manifestations , nonparathyroid, causes , differential diagnosis , ovular manifestations , Pages disease bone, paraneoplastic, signs symptoms , with paraneoplastic (ectopic) secretion with parathyroid autotransplantation, with parathyroid carcinoma, with parenterla nutrition, peptic ulcer disease, with pheochromoctoma, pregnancy, PTHrP-secreting gastrointestinal tumor, renal, renal complication , renal failure, renal transplant recipient, resorpive, respiratory effects , sarcoidosi, severe , pregnancy, signs symptoms , taste sense, thiazide-related, with thyrotxiocsis, treatment , dietary calcium restriction , dietary vitamin D restriction , experimental, loop diuretics , pamidronate , saline infusion , salmon calcitonin , tuberculosis, urinary concentrating ability , calciumsensing receptor , with VIPoma, viral infection, vitamin A , vitamin D , Hypercalcemic crisis, pregnancy, Hypercalcitoninemia, differential diagnosis , Hypercalciuria,. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria acromegaly, benign familial "idiopathic," with calcium administration, Cushing syndrome, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, idiopathic, calcium-sensing receptor gene , osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporsis, Paget disease bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, pseudoypoaldosteronism type I, vitamin D therapy, Hypercapnia, vasopression secretion, Hypercarbia, ventilatory response diabetes, hyperthyroidism, Hypercarnosinuria, Hypercarotenemia, anorexia nervosa, Hypercatabolism, critical illness, hyperchloremia, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, Hypercholoremic acidosis children, bile acid sequestrant-induced, primary hyperparathyroidism, Hypercholesterolemia, children, diabetes, fatty liver elderly, familial, heteroxygous, homoxygous, ocular manifestation , polygenic, without xanthomas, treatment , with xanthomas, fat redistribution syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity , ocular manifestation , risk factors , type 1 diabetes, Hypercoagulabel state, pregnancy, Hypercortisolemia, , Hypercortisolism,. Pseudo-Cushing syndrome ACTH-dependent, diagnosis, , ACT-independent, diagnosis , anorexia nervosa, critical illness, chronic phase, prognostic significance , Crooke cells , Cushing disease, Cushing-type, pseudo-Cushing syndrome, diffrerentiation , depression, diagnosis , differential diagnosis , tests , infancy childhood, clinical characteristics , diagnosis , osteopenia due , periodic hormonogenesis , treatment , infections , male infertility, mental symptoms , paraneoplastic syndromes with, pregnancy, respiratory effects , rheumatic manifestations , stress-related, cerebral effects , tests documenting, TSH secretion , Hyperdibasicaminoaciduria, Hyperemesis gravidarum, differential diagnosis , hyperthyroidism, , Hyperfunctional states, Hyperastrinemia, renal failure, Hyperglucagonemia caused , cirrhosis, familial, infection, inflammation, with MEN1, stress, Hpergycemia. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma asymptomatic, elderly, cardiovascular complications diabetes, critical illness, diabetic ketoacidosis, pathogenesis , diabetic morbidity, diabetic retinopathy, drug-induced, HIV-infected (AIDS), patients, fetal effects , HIV-associated fat redistribution, hyperthyroidism, hyponatremia with, maternal , pregnancy outcome, nutritional support , with pheochromocytoma, posthypoglycemic (Somogy phenomenon), insulin therapy, pregnancy, pregnancy outcome, prevention , rebound, prevention , pregnant diabetic, stress, TNF-Alpha , unexplained morning, insulin therapy, vascular effects , with VIPoma, Hyperglycemia test expected response , method , special considerations/interpretation , substance measured , Hyperglycemic agents, Hyperglycinemia, nonketotic, diagnosis , Hypergonadism, dental/orofacial abnormalities , Hypergonadotopic amenorrhea, Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, congenital disorders , with CYP 19 (aromatase) gene defects, differential diagnosis , metabolic disease , micropennis , Hypergonadotropism, respiratory effects , Hyperhdrosis acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, Hyperhomocysteimnemia, Hypehydroxyprolinemia, Hyperimidodipeptiduria, Organ-specific involvement , Hypernsulinemia. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia infancy; Syndrome X blood pressure , cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, fetal, glucose tolerance , elderly, HIV-associated fat redistribution, neonatial hypoglycemia, obscure origin, polycystic ovary syndrome , thrombosis risk, phosphorus retention , renal failure , bone biopsy , diagnosis , treatment , vitamin D deficiency, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels , skeletal changes , surgery , guidelines , guidelines , neck exploration , postmenopausal women, tertiary, urinary hydroxyproline glycosdes , Hyperphenylalaninemia, Hyperphosphatasia, otolaryngologic consciderations , Hyperphosphatemia, acromegaly, after thyroidectomy, Albright hereditary ostodystrophy, ectopioc calcification, hyperthyroidism hypocalcemia , hypoparathyroidism, with increased phosphate load, neonatal, with hypocalcemia, pathogenesis , pathophysiology , PTH secretion, with reducen renal phosphate excretion , signs symptoms , treatment , vitamin D metabolism , Hyperpigmentation acromegaly, with ACTH excess, Addison disease, Albright syndrome, Cushing disase, endocrine/metabolic causes , hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, inherited disorders amino-acid metabolism, POEMS syndrome, Hyperpituitarism, dental/orofacial abnormalities , Hyperplastic-hypertrophic obesity, Hyperproinsulinemia, obscure origin, Hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, alcoholic males, bone loss , causes , pathologic pharmacologic, physiologic, physiologic cirrhosis, clinical approach , clinical manifestations , differential diagnosis , elderly, dysfunction, fibrous dysplasia, galactorrhea , glucose intolerance with, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, idiopathic, medical therapy , infertility, laboratory assessment , luteal phase deficiency, male hypogonadism, men, with renal failure, with microprolactinoma, nocturnal, unexplained infertility , osteoporosis risk , ovulation induction, with dopamine agonists, pituitary adenomas causing, extragonadal manifestations , Polycystic ovary syndrome , pregnancy, radiation therapy, radiation therapy , recurrence , signs symptoms , spontaneous resolution , testosterone secretion, treatment , pregnancy, women with renal failure, Hyperprolinemia, Hperproteinemia, hypercalcemia with, Hyperreactio luteinalis, Hyperreninism paraneoplastic, primary, tumoral, Hypersarcosinemia, Hypersenstivity reaction(s), insulin delayed (type IV, T cell-mediated), immediate (type I, IgE-mediated), intermediate (type III, Arthus), Hyper, Hypersomatostatinemia, hyperstat IV. Dizoxide, parenteral preparation Hypertelorism, endocrine/metabolic causes , Hypertension. Intracrainal hypertension acromegaly, age-related changes , alcohol , aldosterone , apparent mineralocortiocid excess, Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, diabetes , diabetic nephropathy , treatment , diabetic retinopathy, endocrine aspects , endocrine causes , endothelial dysfunction , endothelin , endothelin , endothelium-dependent vasodilation , dysfunction, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial dysbetaliporoteinemia, familial dyslipidemia, gene therapy , genetic, endothelial dysfunction , gucocorticoid-supressible hyperaldosteronism, 11 Beta-hydroxylase deficiency, hyperaldosteronism, hypercalcemia , hyperparathyroidism, with hyppthyroidism, insulin , kallikrein-kinins , magnesium deficiency, MEN1, maineralocorticoid-induced natriuretic effects ANP, natriuretic peptides , nitric oxide , norepinephrine aknd with normokalemia, obesity-related, angiotensingen , ocular manifestation , oral contraceptives , paranceplastic syndromes, pathogenesis , pathophysiology , persisting after correction hyperaldosteronism, after pheochromcytoma removal, with pheochromocytoma, drug-induced, exercise-induced, perioperative control , postoperative, postmenopausal, postmenopausal estrogen use, pregnancy, obeses women, pregnancy-induced angiotensinogen , magnesium therapy , hypermangmensemia, pathogenesis , primary (essential), endocrine aspects , G protein mutation , high-renin, low-renin, idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, differentiation , natriuretic peptides , nonmodulating, normal-renin, pathogenesis , renin-angiotensin system , tissue renin-angiotensin system , urinary kallikreins , pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, renin-producing tumors , renovascular, bilateral, treatment , causes , clinical presentation , definition , laboratory assessment , neurogenic phase , pathogenesis , prevalence , screening indications , tests , treatment , vasoactive eicosanoids , salt-induced, endothelial dysfunction , secondary, serum adrenomedullin , sodium , sodium pump inhibitors , spectrum sympathetic nervous system , syndrome X, thyroid disorders, treatment , natriuretic peptides , 45, X syndrome, Hyperthecosis, polycystic ovary syndrome , Hyperthermia cyclic, fulminant. Malignant hyperthermia glucagons levels , neuroleptic levels , neuroleptic malignant syndrome, paroxysmal, Hyperthyroidism,. Graves disease; Thyroid acropachy acquired, children, aging , an Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, amiodarone-induced, diagnosis management , anemia , apathetic elderly, basal metabolic rate(BMR) , bone metabolism , breasts-feeding, cancer treatment-related, cardiovascular effects , treatment , causes , cerebral effects , Hyperthyroidism (continued) children, causes , clinical features , laboratory assessment , treatment , coagulopathy , congenital, cortisol secretion , cutaneous manifestations , dental/orofacial abnormalities , development , after nontoxic goiter, diagnosis , pregnancy, differential diagnosis , radionuclide imaging , drug therapy , pregnancy, elderly, laboratory diagnosis , presentation , treatment , electrocardiographic findings , erythrocytosis , factitious familial genetics nonautoimmune, fetal, fetal effects , free thyroxine(T4) index , gastrointestinal manifestations , glucocortiocid therapy, glucose intolerance , hemocdynamic effects , human chorionic gonadotropin excess , hyperemesis gravidarum, hyperphosphatemia , hypertension , hypertrophies osteoarthropathy with, lipid metabolism , lipoprotein metabolism , male infertility, masked, elderly, McCune-Albright syndrome, monosymptomatic, elderly, monosymptomatic, elderly, monosystemic, motor neuron signs , myasthenia gravis, neonatal, neuromuscular manifestations , nonthyroidal illness, nutritional management , osteocalcin levels , paraneopalstic syndromes, pathophysiology , peripheral indices thyroid function , polyneuropathy , postpartum, pregnancy, diagnosis , fetal outcome, hyperemessis gravidarum, neonatal thyroid function, recurrent treatment , pregnant diabetic, pyramidal tract signs , renal effects , respiratory effects , rheumatic manifestations , secondary, with pituitary adenoma, serum free thyroxine , measurement , signs symptoms , subclinical surgery , pregnancy, sympathetic nervous system , thyroid hormone-binding protein levels , thyroid hormone levels , thyroiditis, thyroid-stmulating hormone antibodies , thyroid-stimulating hormone-dependent, nonneoplastic, TRH-stimulation test , thyroid-stimulating hormone , assays , thyrotrope pituitary adenoma , trace minerals, transient, infants, TSH antibodies , treatment , otolaryngologic considerations , pregnancy, trophoblastic disease, urinary excretion hydroxyproline glycosides , vitamin A , Hyperthyroiditis. Thyroiditis, silent Hyperthyrotropinemia, transient, children, Hyperthyroxinemia, drug-induced, euthyroid, causes , with nonsuppressed TSH, causes , silent thyroiditis, hypertrichosis amenorrhea , pregnancy, Hypertriglyceridemia diabetes, elevated LDL, treatment , familial, , fat redistribution syndrome, lipoprotein lipase defects , moderate treatment , normal LDL, treatment , obesity, ocular effects , pancreatitis, pregnancy, primary (genetic), renal failure, secondary, sever, syndrome X, TNF-Alpha , Hyperuricemia causes , decreased urate clearance , definition , diabetes, with disorders purine metabolism, familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, with hypertriglyceridemia, hypothyroidism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus , polycystic ovary syndrome , I syndrome X, Hyperuricosuria causes , definition , with disorders purinemetabolism, low urine pH calcium oxalate stone formation , calcium oxalate uric acid stone formation , uric acid stones , Hypervalinemia, Hyperventilatio functional, syndrome , with phecochromocytome, pregnancy, progesterone , Hypervolemia, acromegaly, Hyphemia, diabetes, Hyp mice, Hypnotics, premenstrual syndrome, Hypoadrenalism, Andrenal insufficiency ACTH deficiency, central, diagnosis , critical illness, prognostic significance , diagnosis , functional, critical illness, hematologic complications , , imaging , with inflammation, management , laboratory assessment neuromuscular manifestations , occult, pituitary surgery, premature ovarian failure primary diagnosis , critically ill patient, laboratory findings , secondary coexistence , critical illness, secondary, laboratory findings , subclinical, transient, critical illness, unrecognical, transient, critical illness, unrecognized, Hypoadrenocorticism dental/orofacial abnormalities , elderly, Hypoalaninemia, infancy childhood, Hypoalbuminemia anorexia nervosa, calcium balance , hypocalcaemia, liver disease, Hypoaldosteronism, after adrenalectomy aldosteronoma, clinical management , congenital, diabetes, elderly, failure adrenal glomerulosa , hyprreninemic critical illness, ill patients, hyporeninemic, causes , diabetes, elderly, diabetes , epidemiology , , hyperkalemia , renal failure, treatment , ill patients, inborn errors , isolated, pathogenesis , mineralocorticoid therapy , with pharmacologi inhibition oldosterone, renal effects , renal failure, without hypotension, Hypoalphaliporoteinemia, familial, Hypobetalipoproteinemia, with abnormal apo B molecular weight, with truncated apo B, Hypocalcemia, Addison disease, after parathyroidectomy, after thyrathyroidectomy, after thyroidectomy, aging , Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, alcohol intake , autosomal-dominant, blood pressure, cancer, cardiac effects , causes , chronic, signs , critical illness, calcitonin precursors , management , dental abnormalities , defferential diagnosis , disorders causing, biochemical characteris,tics , drug-induced, ECG findings , EEG findings , emergency therapy , familial, with hypercalciuria, calcium stone formation , fetal, gallium nitrate-induced, HIV-infected (AIDA) patients, homeostatic response , with hypercalciuria, hypermagnesemia , hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, , hypoalbuminemia, osteomalacia, infancy childhood, infancy childhood, infectious disease, ionized emergency management , protective effects , critical illness, ionized calcium , measurement , liver disease, magnesium deficiency, mechanisms , neonatal, early, late, maternal hypercalcemia , neuromuscular manifestations , ocular manifestations , osteopetrosis, otolaryngologic considerations , pancreatitis, parathyroid hormone secretion, pregnancy, renal failure, renal failure, renal osteodystrophy, respiratory effects , rhabdomyolysis, sepsis, signs symptoms , toxic shock syndrome, transient after parathyroid surgery, neonatal, treatment , long-term, pregnancy, unknown cause, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D-dependent rickets type I, vitamin D synthesis, Hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia, familial hyprocalciuric familial hypercalcemic, Hypochlorhydria with somatostatinoma, with VIPoma, Hypocholesterolemia, , Hypochondrogenesis, genetics , Hypochondroplasia, clinical presentation , diagnosis , confirmation , prognosis , treatment , Hypocitricuria calcium stone formation , primary hyperparathyroidism, primary calcium stone formation , clinical management , secondary calcium stone formation , causes , clinical management Hypocortisolism, respiratory effects , rheumatic manifestations , Hyprocretins, Hypodipsia, Hypoestrogenism, perimenopasuse , Hypogeusia,. Kallmann syndrome diabetes, Hypoglycemia,. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia infancy acute hepatic failure, adrenal insufficiency, adrenocortioctropic hormone deficiency, adrenomedullary response , alcohol-induced, anorexia nervosa, autoimmune causes , with branched-chain amino acid metabolic defects, cataract formation, infancy, causes , cerebral effects , critical illness, with defects carnitine metabolism, definition , diabetes adolescent, elderly, infant child, pregnant woman diabetic ketoacidosis management, dialysis patients, differential diagnosis , drug-induced, , factitious, fasting, with fatty acid oxidation defects, glucagons levels , glucagons therapy , growth hormone secretion, hepatic response , hormonal deficiency syndromes, hypokalemic response , infancy childhood, ACTH deficiency, autonomic symptoms , causes , determining, centeral nervous system effects , clinical manifestations , cortisol deficiency, definition , developmental effects , factitious, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, glycogen synthetase deficiency, history-taking , hypernsulinemic, hypoketotic, hypopituitarism, ketotic,

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