For consultation & treatment (by appointment / or online) click How to Consult Us
                           

What is Diabetes: When blood glucose signicantly increases above normal range i.e. fasting blood sugar more than 126mg/dl & after food blood sugar (pp) above 200 mg/dl) is called diabetes. (In normal persons the blood sugar remains in normal range in empty stomach & even after the food.  Normal level of blood sugar in fasting condition is 70 to 110 milligram & after food it should be below140 milligram deciliter. )

Thus criteria for the, diagnosis of diabetes is:               

1) Fasting Blood Sugar more than 126 mg. /dl. 

2) Post prandial (P.P.) Blood Sugar more than 200 mg./dl.                                      

                                        Symptoms of Diabetes

 The classical symptoms of diabetes are excess thirst, excess urination, weight loss inspite of good eating, weakness, fatigue, leg pain, easy fatigability, decreased vision, recurrent itching deposition of whitish deposits & fissuring on glans pennis & foreskin in men, itching in & around vulva, difficulty in healing of wound so that wound may not heal for long time. Sometimes patient may have sugar for long time without their knowledge & they manifest directly with various complications of diabetes. Thus patient may directly present with complications of diabetes as burning & numbness in feet (nerve involvement), chest pain or breathlessness (heart involvement), decreased vision (eye involvement), selling over feet or body (kidney involvement) etc.

Remember many patients with Diabetes are asymptomatic i.e. they have no symptoms & they are diagnosed only when they go for routine blood sugar test during routine investigations for some other problem, then it was found that their blood sugar is high.  Sometimes patient’s blood sugar may become too high leading to coma (Diabetic ketoacidotic coma due to high blood ketone, Ketone is an acid which is produced when blood sugar becomes very high due to severe insulin deficiency.

                              Why Diabetes Occurs (Causes)

Causes of Diabetes in Adult: Diabetes in adult is known as type 2 Diabetes, maturity onset diabetes or non insulin dependent diabetes. This usually occurs after the age of 30 year. This type of diabetes occurs due to decreased secretion of insulin as well as decreased effect of insulin (already less produced) in body i.e. insulin resistance.  Thus diabetes in adults occurs due to twin defect namely insufficient insulin production in the body as well as what ever insulin is being  produced works less meaning insulin is less effective in lowering the blood sugar (i.e. less ineffective also known as insulin resistance). 

This less insulin production & less insulin effectiveness may be due to following causes:

1)      Hereditary  factors: There are two type of inherited defect in gene of the persons with diabetes as:

a)      First one is defect in genes of insulin producing cells so that their insulin producing beta cell (in pancreatic gland) is not able to secrete enough insulin so that less insulin is produced i.e. insulin deficiency.

b)      The second hereditary defect, there is inherited defect in insulin molecule or its working mechanism so that what ever insulin is being produced is not very effective in lowering the blood sugar level because either insulin itself is defective or their body organs are inherently resistant to secreted insulin action i.e. insulin resistance.

Thus glucose reaching in blood from intestine is not utilized by body & sugar concentration in blood keeps on increasing to higher than normal resulting in diabetes. The above mechanism is the cause of diabetes in vast majority of patients.

      2) Many drugs as steroids, growth hormone, diuretics taken for longer times leads to decreased insulin secretion & makes insulin less effective causing drug induced diabetes.

3)      Many toxins as insecticides found in many food items may damage insulin secreting glands.

4)      Many hormone disorders, as excess of Cortisol hormone, growth hormone, hyper aldosteronism etc decreases insulin secretion & lead to diabetes.

5)      Chronic alcohol use may lead to pancreatic damage leading to insulin deficiency & diabetes.

6)      Diabetes during pregnancy occurs due to release of certain hormone during pregnancy which decreases the effect of insulin secreted from pancreas leading to diabetes. The diabetes which develops during pregnancy is called Gestational Diabetes.

7)      Latent Diabetes

8)      Borderline diabetes

9)  Impaired Fasting Glucose

10)  Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Causes of Diabetes in children: There are following types of diabetes in children:

1) Type I (i.e. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus):  Type I diabetes is also known as Insulin dependent Diabetes. It occurs at young age often below 25 yr. of age due to destruction of insulin forming beta cells in pancreas by a particular type of viral infection. These viruses infect the pancreas & then damaging insulin forming beta cells leading to total deficiency of insulin hormone so that blood sugar rises. Such children are dependent on insulin injection for their survival. If they miss insulin injection for few days then their blood sugar level reaches very high & they may go in coma. Some times ketones appear in blood & urine (called as diabetic keto-acidosis). This may be sometimes life threatening also.

2.) Type II i.e. Non Insulin Diabetes of young (NIDDY): This usually occurs in obese children with positive family history. In such children diabetes is initially controlled on tablets, later insulin may be required by some.

3.) MRDM (Malnutrition related Diabetes

4)  Fibrocalcific Pancreatic Diabetes (FCPD)

5)   Drug induced: steroid induced

6)     Auto-antibody induced.

7)      Secondary diabetes

In Children after investigating the type of Diabetes appropriate treatment should be prescribed.

Risk of Type-II diabetes to Children & other family members:

If one parent has Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes risk of developing diabetes to children is 36% i.e. one out of 3 children will develop diabetes. If both parents have diabetes then 75% of their children will become diabetic (i.e. if they have four children then 3 out of four will become diabetic). If one brother or sister has diabetes risk to other siblings is 33% i.e. one out of every 3 will become diabetic 

If parent has Type-1 Diabetes i.e. insulin dependent diabetes then risk to offspring is very little.

So based on detail data of diabetes patient & his family history, we may be able to tell them about the risk of diabetes to their children.  

Treatment of Diabetes

Treatment of diabetes consists of Diet, Exercise, and Drugs or Insulin 

Diet control (What to Eat)  

Diet: For detail diet advice meet our doctor at our centre.

Tips for diet in diabetes:

· Take every food in proper amount, not more not less.

· Consistency in meal timings, in meal composition & Calorie intake.

· Spacing of meals: Eat 3 major meals & 3 small snacks.

· Matching diet & insulin therapy.

· For variety in food, use food exchange system.

·Do not miss meal or delay meal too much..

·Do not starve, eat free foods when hungry.

·On holidays: you may be at risk of eating too much, to deal this, take small meal more frequently.

·If ate too much, Do a little more exercise either before or after. 

.Glycemic Index: You should consume only those foods which have low glycemic index.

-Sweeteners:

a)      Saccharin (available as Sweetex): It is safe even if you take for long time in proper doses.

                                 Side Effects:  it leaves a bitter after taste, otherwise no side effect

                                  It should not to be used by Pregnant & breast feeding mothers.

b)      Aspartame (available as Sugar Free or equal tablets): It is safe even if you take for long time in proper doses.        

                           It should not to be taken during pregnancy            

.High Fiber Diet: Select fiber rich foods because they decrease blood sugar, cholesterol & help in reducing other diabetic complications etc.

. Fat & Oils: Use Low Fat Diet. Avoid saturated fats & use more of unsaturated fats.  Use two types of oils daily. One should be refined oil with predominantly monounsaturated fatty acid & other should be that with predominant polyunsaturated fatty-acid. You should use only those oil with safe ratio of omega 3 fatty-acid & omega 6 fatty-acid. Because if you eat oil with more of omega  6 fatty acid ,then risk of heart problem, kidney problem & other diabetic problems increases. Saturated fat should be used as less as possible because they increase the cholesterol & heart & neurological problems.

Use Fat Free milk (Preferably double toned)

Vitamins: Supplementations of certain specific vitamins has been shown to decrease diabetes complications.

Antioxidants may be taken.

Micronutrients & Minerals: Certain micronutrients should also be replaced as they help in controlling diabetes & help in preventing complications

Diet in Special Situation

In case of High Cholesterol = Eat less fat & oil, No yellow of egg
In case of High Blood Pressure = Eat less salt, fat & yellow of egg 
In case of Pregnancy     = Eat more calories every 2 hourly
In case of Child = Additional calorie & protein for growth.

                                                Diabetes & Alcohol

Either should not be taken or if feel like then take in moderate & safe prescribed dose.              
· Remember regular alcohol intake increases weight, B.P., Sugar, damages nerves, heart and increases blood pressure, lipids as Cholesterol & Triglyceride. It is strictly prohibited if patient is suffering with Uncontrolled Blood Pressure, High Blood lipids, Pancreas is damaged (Pancreatitis) & Nerves are affected (Neuropathy)

                                Diabetes & Smoking

Smoking is not good for diabetic. They should not smoke. 

 Harms of smoking are: 
· Decreases insulin effect so blood sugar rises. 
· Increases risk of heart attack. 
· Increases risk of eye, kidney & nerve complication. 
· Decreases blood flow to leg. 
· Impotency in male.

                                             Exercise

What Exercise?  Walking: best especially if you can do brisk walk for 30-60 min. Jogging, Treadmill, Swimming, Playing Badminton or other game.

How Often? Daily/or at least 4 days per week.

What time? Excellent time of exercise is before breakfast but can also be done before dinner.

• If you want to do intense exercise – get fitness by getting your Treadmill Test done especially if your age is above 35 or have heart disease or have diabetes for more than 10 yrs.

• Do 10 min. warm-up, 20-30 minute of active exercise & finally 10 minute of cool down phase.

• Remember at time of exercise insulin should not have been given in exercising limb.

• If going on a new non-routine exercise, check your blood glucose before & after exercise & during exercise (every 30 minute) if it is prolonged exercise.

• May need extra food for 30 hours after prolonged or heavy exercise.

• If doing new exercise either decrease short acting insulin before exercise or eat 20 gm. Carbohydrate every 30 minutes.

            Precautions Regarding Exercise

• Use well fitting canvas shoes or sport shoe with laces.

• Don’t exercise if blood sugar is uncontrolled (Bl. Sugar >300 ml/dl)

• If you have Heart problem – don’t do wt. Lifting, strenuous exercise.  

• If severe eye problem – should not do heavy lifting, head low positions & excess head jerks, jogging, Racquet - sports.

• If you have lost sensation in feet – check feet more carefully after exercise, avoid treadmill, prolonged walking, jogging, step exercises.

• Patient with Diabetic kidney involvement – should not do heavy strenuous exercise as it worsens nephropathy.

• Should carry diabetes identification card & source of readily available carbohydrates to treat hypoglycemia.

• If feel low blood sugar take some carbohydrate.  

                                Drugs to Control Diabetes

The five groups of medications used for diabetes control are:

1)      Those medicines which improve the insulin secretion in the body

2)      Those medicines which improve the action of insulin on liver

3)       Those medicines which improve the action of insulin on muscles

4)       Those medicines which decrease the absorption of glucose from the intestine into the blood.

5)      There are many new drugs are available which controls diabetes well as prevent complication

6)       There are many new drugs are available which are very effective in preventing diabetic complications.

Why inspite of taking tablets diabetes is not controlled?

Possible causes may be: -
• Inappropriate drug.  
• Any stress or infection as tuberculosis.  
• Any damage to insulin forming pancreas so that insulin formation has gone markedly down (as by    alcohol, infection. It means your tablets need to be changed.   

If tablets have failed & you don't want to take insulin there are some newer drugs which can control diabetes in many. But these have to be used under Diabetes Specialist supervision.

                                                         Insulin Therapy: 

What are the modes of Insulin Therapy:      Now the availability of insulin sprays & jet injectors have made insulin therapy painless. Thus more & more patient are happily taking insulin therapy due to comfort of insulin therapy. At present insulin therapy can be started by any of the below mentioned five methods:

a)      Insulin Spray

b)      Insulin jets

c)       Insulin Nose Spray

d)      Insulin  Pulmonary Spray

e)      Oral Insulin Spray

f)        Insulin Injections

g)      Insulin Infusion Pumps

Future Newer insulin therapies which have not come in market ,but are expected to be available for patient treatment soon are:

1)      Oral Insulin Capsules

2)      Artificial insulin secreting pancreas

3)      Islets cell transplant

4)      Stem Cell Transplant

When to Start Insulin: We must start the insulin if blood sugar targets arte not achieved inspite of maximum dose of tablets. We first try newer drugs if that also fails then one should take insulin for short time say 2 to 3 months.

Newer Drugs to avoid insulin & stop insulin injection  

Newer Tablets:  There are many new drugs have been launched in western countries USA & UK which are very effective in controlling diabetes even when our available oral tablets have failed. There are many medical stores in Delhi which make these medicines available to patients on order.  Thus if tablets has failed & you don't want to take insulin there are some newer drugs which can control diabetes in many.

                                             Misconcept About Insulin

This is a Misconcept that once insulin started it can never be stopped.

But It is Wrong, in 80% cases insulin can be stopped after 2-3 months of insulin therapy.

How? Because insulin forming organ pancreas gets rest by giving insulin injection from outside. In 2 to 3 months, body is able to repair the pancreas & it again stars producing enough insulin to keep blood sugar in normal range. Thus once tablet fails insulin should be started. After three months of insulin therapy patient can again be shifted on tablet. In majority of cases (i.e. in approximately 80% people) insulin can be stopped later after a short course.

Side effects of insulin are weight gain, hypoglycemia (i.e. low blood sugar), and edema over body & sometime insulin allergy i.e. itching & pain, nodule at injection site. But if given by Diabetes specialist, chances of side effect are less.

Insulin therapy in insulin dependent Diabetes. There are three newer insulin which are very effective in IDDM especially in young children because they can be injected after food & they are painless. 

Why in some inspite of insulin diabetes is not controlled?

Possible causes may be:-

• Insulin being given may not be right one.

• Inadequate doses.

• Insulin not being injected properly

• Wrong site

• Wrong technique 

• Injecting at same site

• Other causes as stress, steroid, hormonal disorder. 

Remember in upto 50% patients who are taking insulin still there diabetes is not controlled because they are doing one of the above mistakes. So you need to meet us to find out the exact cause of uncontrolled diabetes. 

Insulin Injection Techniques:

•         Wash hands with soap water.

•         Mix insulin by gentle shake & rolling.

•         Take the required amount of insulin in syringe, roll that syringe on palm to bring at room temp.

•         Clean injection site & allow to dry.

•         Pinch a fold of skin.

•         Inject at 45° to 90°.

•         Withdraw needle, apply pressure.

•         Recap syringe for reuse (2-5 days). 

Insulin: Stability & Storage

•         In Refrigerator –it is stable for many months till expiry.

•         At room temperature :  In winter (<25°C) – stable for 2-3 months

                                               In summer (<35° C) in dark corner stable for 1 month.

                                               In Peak summer if no refrigerator keep in cool place

•         Avoid direct sun exposure

•         If large clubbed particle visible means insulin has become degraded.

What you should do when you are sick?

• Check blood glucose 4 hourly.
• Do not stop insulin or tablet.
• Often during sickness the effect of tablet or insulin decreases so that the medicine dose is often need to be increased.
• Take liquid diet as juices, cold drinks, biscuits if unable to take normal food.
• If on insulin – check urine ketone if blood Sugar >350

If vomiting , pain abdomen, drowsiness – Consult Doctor—may be D.K.A..

                                Precautions During Travel

•    Carry double the dose of medicine & keep all medicine/insulin at two separate places.
      Do not keep at extreme temperature.
•         Remember – You can keep insulin without refrigerator for 30 days in  cool dark corner of room.
•         Always carry enough eatables during travel for emergency. 

BY AIR : If crossing time zone

•         When  you lose hours from day say traveling from west to east you may need to skip or reduce insulin dose.

•         When adding hours to your day (East to West) you need an extra dose of insulin.

BY CAR : If going by car if temperature is very high carry in thermos with ice.

                               Newer Treatments for Diabetes 

 In Diabetes there have been many recent advances which have lead to improved & better life of diabetes patients. These are as follows: 

1) Newer Drugs to control diabetes: there has been many drugs developed recently which help in control of diabetes. These drugs increase insulin formation as well as they also increase the action of insulin.       

2)      Newer Drugs to Prevent Complications:  Many new drugs have been recently launched which if used properly, they prevent all diabetic complications by more than 90% patients. 

3) Newer Insulins:  
a) Oral Insulin: There has been development of insulin capsule which can be taken thru mouth & is effective. But the cost of capsule is more & the amount of insulin required is more. It has no side effects.  
b) Insulin spray: New insulin devices have been developed through which insulin can be delivered to patient just by spraying on skin. It is painless &effective.    
c) Nasal insulin: This is a special insulin preparation which can be sprayed into nose from where it is absorbed in blood & is effective method to control diabetes.  
d) Painless Insulin Injection Devices: Newer Insulin Injection Devices as Novolet are Prefilled Insulin devices which are totally painless.   
e) Novopen 3 is a long durable pen in which Insulin cartridge can be refilled & is economical & painless. 
f) Innolet: It is a Device for visually handicapped in which makes clicking sound on increasing every unit. 
g) Once a day insulin: there are some insulin when given just once they keep sugar well controlled.   
h) Fast acting insulin: there are some insulin when given they control sugar fast. 

4) Islet Cell Transplant: Only Beta cells transplanted in muscles, under skin or in liver which makes insulins (No surgery needed)   

5)      Stem Cell Transplant: This is the most latest therapeutic technique in which just single injection of multi-potent stem cells will cure the diabetes in children. In adult patient stem cell treatment will either make patient free of insulin injections or the dose of insulin will markedly decrease.

6)       Artificial Pancreas:  these are devices which delivers insulin into body as much required. 

7) Pancreas Transplantation: Pancreas transplantation may be done in type-I or type-2 diabetes to cure diabetes.

  Cure of Diabetes 

As you know in majority of cases diabetes can not be cured permanently but can be controlled only. But in some patients in whom diabetes is secondary to some hormone disorder or due to some drugs or due to some lifestyle disorder, in them it can be cured. 

Cure of childhood Diabetes: The various options for possibility of cure in type 1 diabetes are:

a)      Antibodies treatment: There are many antibodies have been developed which block the pancreas destroying factors in body leading to stoppage of further damage to pancreas. Thus if treatment with antibodies started early in the course of diseases many times cure can be achieved. 

b) Pancreas Transplantation: Pancreas transplantation may be done in type-I or type-2 diabetes to cure diabetes.

c) Istel Cell Transplant: Only Beta cells transplanted in muscles, under skin or in liver which makes insulins (No surgery needed). It cures diabetes.       

Cure of type - 2 Diabetes: For cure of diabetes you need following steps: 

(1)          Cure of diabetes causing hormone disorder: First of all you have to be diagnosed that what is the cause of your diabetes i.e. whether it is due to some hormone disorder or due to insulin deficiency or due to insulin resistance.

(2)          Lose Weight: There are many new drugs which have been developed which leads to weight loss thus curing many diabetics.

(3)          There are some drugs which Increases insulin formation & also increase effect of insulin leading to cure of diabetes in some patients. 

4) Pancreas Transplantation: Pancreas transplantation may be done in type-I or type-2 diabetes to cure diabetes.

5) Istel Cell Transplant: Only Beta cells transplanted in muscles, under skin or in liver which makes insulins (No surgery needed). It cures diabetes.

Prevention of Diabetes 

There are three drugs which were being used to prevent Diabetes, these are Metformin, Acarbose & Glitazones as piogtlizone & Rosigtlizones. These should be taken along with regular exercise, normalization of weight, less stress full life etc. There are other options to prevent Type I diabetes as Antibodies against the damaging cells. So with these measures prevention of diabetes possible. So measures to prevent diabetes should be started from yong age so that insulin resistance, does not sets in at young age.

Diabetes during pregnancy

Diabetes during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes,. Persistent high blood sugar during pregnancy leads to defect in foetus so that child may develop many body defect. Thus during pregnancy fasting blood glucose should be below 95 mg./dl. & after food (PP) should be below 140 mg./dl. & HbA1C should be below 7.0%. For this initially diet therapy & regular physical exercise is advised. If above measures do not bring blood sugar in normal range then insulin therapy is suggested. Now there are various new devices for insulin therapy are available which has made insulin injection therapy painless. During pregnancy Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C), fetal ultrasonography & fetal echocordiography should be done to monitor fetal well being. Once baby is born he should be examined for various defects & should be monitored for risk of hypoglycemia.

                  How to Monitor Diabetes Control 

Following tests are required to asses diabetes control. 

1) Get Blood sugar fasting & PP regularly 
2) Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) is the best test to assess diabetes control. It tells us about average blood sugar status of previous 2 months. It should be tested every 3 months
3)  Urinary Microalbuminuria is the best test to assess earliest kidney complications.  
4) Other tests which should be done yearly are Lipid Profile, Urea, Creatinine, Urine R & ME etc. 
5) ECG,
6) Eye Check-up (Fundus),
7) Checking for urine ketones:
           Whenever blood sugar >350 mg. - check urine ketone
                      Ketone is an acid, when it increase in blood, it adversely affect heart & brain functions even can lead to coma.
                      If vomiting, pain in abdomen, drowsiness &      
           Urine ketone +ve  means patient is suffering with Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
           Then Admission & I.V. insulin, needed.
           Prevention - whenever infection/stress monitor blood sugar & urine ketone.
           Take a algorithm from doctor to adjust insulin doses in case of emergency.

CAN  INSULIN  BE STOPPED

Stopping of Insulin is now possible because many new drugs have now come in market which are very effective in controlling sugar after stopping insulin if given in right combination.

 For consultation & treatment (by appointment / or online) click How to Consult Us

Top of Page

>>

Diabetes contd.. 

We get patients from all major cities in India & Abroad . In the following cities all the facilities for investigation & treatments including medicines are available as Delhi (North, South, East, Central, West, New Delhi), Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Noida, Gurgaon, Meerut, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Ferozepur , Aurangabad, Manesar, Rewari, Pataudi, Rohtak, Bahadurgarh,Bombay,  Bhiwani, Karnal, Panipat , Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Batala, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Chandigarh, Calcutta,  Ferozepur Simla, Manali, Jammu, Udhampur, Poonch, Rajouri, Srinagar, Kargil, Aligarh, Mathura, Etawah, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kashi, Faizabad, Bareilly, Moradabad, Rampur., Dehradun, Uttarkashi, Meerut, Sitapur, Mathura,  Madras, Pilibhit, Nainital, Almora, Agra, Ferozabad, Jhansi, Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Ajmer, Beawar, Pali, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota, Dholpur, Churu, Ratangarh, Sikar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jalore, Rajkot, Porbandar, Jamnagar, Dwarka, Junagadh, Surendranagar, Bhav Nagar, Ambala, Ahmedabad, Gandhi Nagar, Godhra, Vadodara, Surat, Bilmora, Navasari, Mumbai, Sonapur, Kalbadevi, Girgaon, Dadar, Mahim, Dharavi, Juhu, Andheri, Kurla, Sahar, Pune, Thane, Palghar, Panaji, Panvel, Solapur, Pandharpur, Ahmednagar, Satara, Kolhapur, Ichalkaranji, Kalyan, Nasik, Dhule, Bhir, Nagpur, Bhandara, Amraoti, Khandwa, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Bhopal, Vidisha, Sagar, Guna, Shivpuri, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Bhilai, Raipur, Hyderabad, Zahirabad, Suryapet, Guntakal, Chittoor, Tirupati, Tirumala, Nandyal Vijayawada, Guntur, Goa,  Tenali, Nellore, Visakhapatnam, Vellore, Bangalore, Banglore, Ulsoor, Mysore, Srirangapatna, Hassan, Mangalore, Udupi, Manipal, Davanagere, Shimoga, Dharwad, Hubli, Bellary, Hospet, Bijapur, Belgaum, Chennai, Chengalpattu, Pondicherry, Tiruvannamalai, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Palani, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tirunelveli, Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, Nagercoil, Kanchipuram, Salem, Erode, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Pollachi, Kanyakumari, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, Calicut, Kottayam, Calcutta, Howrah, Purulia, Darjeeling, Siliguri, Gangtok, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Rourkela, Guwahati, Shillong, Imphal, Kohima, Agartala, Patna, Gaya, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Madhubani.

We also get patients from following major cities of the world as Aalborg, Abadan, Abidian, Abudhabi, Abuja, Acapulco, Addis,  Ababa, Adelaide, Agadir, Agana, Ahvaz, Akueryai, Al Ain, Al Khobar, Alaska, Aleppo, Alexandria,       Alexandroupolis, Algiers, AlicanteAll, Areas, All Parts, All parts, Alma-Ata, Almada, AlofiAmatitlan, Ambato, Amman, Amsterdam, Andorra, Andrup, Ankara, AntanarivoAntigua, Antwerp, Apia, Aqaba, Areqioca, Arusha, Ashghabat, Asmara, Assab, Assuncion, Atbara, Athens, Auckland, Augra  Do Heroism Bacolod, Badalona, Baghdad, Baku, Bamako, Bander seribegaw, Bangkok, Barcelona, Barranquilla, Basseterre, Bedzin, Beijing, Belfast, Belgrade, Belize, Bengui, Benha, Benina, Bergen, Berlin, Bern, Bethlehem, Bhutan, Bimini, Birmingham, Bisho, Bissau, Bizerta, Bobo Dioulasso, Bogra, Bonaire, Bonn, Boras, Brasilia, Bratislava, Brazov, Brazzavila, Bremen, Bridgetown, Brisbane, Bristol, charest, Budape  st Buenos Aires, Bujumbura, Bulawayo, Bundung, Burgas, Buzau, Caacupe, Cairo, Cali, Canberra, Cap Haitien, Cape Town, Carecas, Castries, Cebu, Chengdu, Chicago, Chiclayo, chittagong, Christchurch, Christmas Island, CocosKeeling Island, Cologne, Colombu, Conakry, Conception, Contonou, Copenhagen Cordaba,  Cork, Coroval, Corprivertion, Craiova, Cuenca, Cumana, Curacao, Dacca, Dakar, Damascus, Damman, Dangregia, Dar Es Salaam, Defeera, Derbrecen, Dewaniya, Diego Suarez, Diriamba, Djibouti, Doha, Dramman, Dubai, Dublin, Durban, Dushanbe, Dusseldort, El Salvador, Entebbe, Erevan, Equitorial Guinea, Fade N'Gorma, Falun, Faroe Islands, Fes, Franarantsoa, Frankfurt, Freeport, Freetown, French Guiana, Frunze.Ft de France, Fujairah,  Gaborone, Garbrovo, Genda, Geneva, George Town, Georgetown, Ghent, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Gonaives, Gondomar, Granada Grand Beirut, Graz,Guadalajara, Guautemala City, Guayaquil, Gyongyas, Hajja, Hamar, Hamburg, Hamilton, Havana, Halsinki, Ho Chi Milk City, Hodeidah, Homs, HongKong, Honiara, Honolulu, Houston, Hyvinkaa, Ibadan, Ikeja, Incheon, Industira, Invercargill, Isfahan, Islamabad, Island tuvalu, Istanbul, Jakarta, Janawa, Jeddah, Jerusalam, Jimma, Jinia, Johannesburg, Jaba, Kaduna, Kampala, Kaoshiung, Karachi, Karor, Kathmandu, Khartoum, Khon Kean, Khulna, Kiev, Kigalibad, Kingston, Kingstown, Kismayo, kitwe, Kobe, Kolding, Kosice, Koudougou, Kowloon, Kristianstav, Kula Belait, Kuala Lumpur, Kuantan, Kumasi, Kuwait, Kyoto, La Paz, Lady Ville, Lea, Lagos, Lahore, Lahti, Larissa, Las Palmas, Lattaquieh, Leeds, Leipzig, Librevilla, Lima, Limassol, Linden, Lisbon, Liverpool, Ljubl-iana, Lome, London, Los Angeles, Luanda, Lubumbashi, Lugazi, Lungi, Lusaka, Luxembourg, Macao, Madani, Madrid, Majuro, Maldonado, Male, Malmo, Managua, Manama, Mancheter, Manila, Mansoure, Manta, Maputo, Maracay, Marrakech, Maseru, Mashad, Mayotte, Mbabane, Mbale, Medan, Medlin, Melbourne, Mendoza, Mexico city, Miami, Micronesia, Milano, Misrata, Mmabatho, Mogadiscio, Mombassa, Monrovia, MonteCarlo, Monterrey, Monte-video, Montreal, Moscow, Mosule, Mulanje, Mumbai, Muscat, Mutare, Mwanza, Nabeul, Naestved, Nagozi, Nairobi, Najat, Nanjing, Nassau, Nastriya, Nazareth, Ndjamena, New Amsterdam, New-York, Niamey, Nicosia, Norrkoping, Nottingham, Nouakehott, Noumea, Nukualofa, Oklahoma City, Omdurman, Oradea, Orodtheab, Oruro, Osaka, Oslo, Ostrava, Ottawa, Ouagadougu, Oulu, Panama-City, Paralimni, Paramaribo, Paris, Paysandu, Perth, peshawar, Philadelphia, Pingtung, Piraeus, Piura, Pl Villa, Plazen, Plovdiv, Plymouth, Poneloya, Port Au Prince, PortSaid, Port-Sudan, Potosi, Prague, Praia, Pretoria, Pt Lousi, Pt of Spain, Pt.Stanley, Pte Apitre, Pusan, pyongyang, Rabat, Ramalla, Rarstonga, Rawalpindi, Reykyavik, Riga,Rio De Janeiro, Riyadh, Road Town, Rodriquez Islands, Rome, Rosario, Roseau, Rota, Rotterdam, Rzeszow, Saba, Sabh, Sailburg, Salta, Samoa-American, San Francisco, San Jose, San Marcos, San Marino, San pablo, Sandnes, San-Jaun, Sanna, Senta Cruz(Graciosa), Santa Cruz, Santiago, Santo Doming, Sao Paulo, SaoTome Island, Semarang, Seoul, Serrekunda, Sert, Sfax, Shangai, Shariah, Singapore, Skopie, Sofia, Sopot, ST.Denis, St.Georges, St.Helena, St.Johns, St.Pitterbuze, Stockholm, Strydom Airport, Stuttgart, Suphanburi, Suva, Sydney, Szekesfehervar, Taegu, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiz, Tallinn, Tamatave, Tampere, Tanga, Tashkent, Tavira, Tbilisi, Tegucigalpa, Tehran, Tel-Aviv, Tema, Temburong, Teneriffe, The Hague, The Valley, Thessaloniki, Thohoyandou, Thomwood, Thonbiri, Thyolo, Timisoara, Tirane, Titograde, Tokyo, Toronto, Tripoli, Tsumeb, Tunisi, Turks Caicos, Tutong, Ulan-Batar, Vaduz, Valetta, Valparasio, Vancouver, Vatican City, Victoria, Victoria Falls, Vienna, Vientiana, Vigo, VilaDOporto, Villa Nueva, Villarica, Vilua, Vina Del Mar, Volgagrad, W.Berlin, Wallis & Futuna Island, Warsaw, Washington Dc, Wellington, Windhoele, Yaounde, Yaren, Yokohama, Yundum, Zagreb, Zahle, Zurich.

At these places all the facilities for investigation & treatments are available.

At our center / centre / clinic / clinics / hospital / hospitals doctors are dedicated for latest & scientific treatment of these diseases. 

Cell counts (Routine and Special): , Absolute Eosinophils Count, blood  80, CD3/CD4/CD8 Counts, blood  1800, CD4 count, blood 800, CD4/CD8 Counts, blood 1300, Cell count, CSF 90, Complete blood count, blood  160, ESR (Automated) (Analyse at the earliest)  60, Haemoglobin, blood 60, Haemoglobin, free, serum 450, Haemoglobin, free, urine  180, Haemogram, blood  160, Heinz bodies, peripheral blood 150, LE Cell Detection, blood  150, Platelet count, blood 80, Reticulocyte count, blood   110, WBC:TC and DC, blood  80, Haemoglobinopathies:  Abnormal Haemoglobin studies, blood 600, Anaemia Profile, Haemolytic type  1800, Anaemia profile, Maxi 3900, Anaemia profile, Mini 990, Anaemia profile, Nutritional 1750, AntiD(Rh) Antibody titre 300, Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF), 180, blood Haemoglobin Electrophoresis, blood 600, HbAlC- Glycated Haemoglobin, blood  300, Meth-haemoglobin, blood  250, Sickling test, blood (Analyse same day)  120, Thalassemia studies  1000, Serology: Blood Group (ABO &Rh typing)  100, Coomb’s test (Direct), blood  220, Coomb’s test (Indirect), serum  300, Malarial Parasite, blood 80, Microfilaria parasite 150, Osmotic fragility test. (Analyse same day)  200, Rh(AntiD) Antibody titre  300, Giardia antigen Stool  450,. Filaria antigen (Wuchereria Bancrofti)  70, HLA typing: HLAB7  1200, HLA-B27/B7, blood 1200, HLA ABC Tissue typing 4000, HLA DR Tissue typing 4000, HLA-A Locus 4000, HLA-B Locus 4000, HLA-C Locus 5000, HLA-DRB Locus 5000, HLA-DQB Locus 4000, HLA-A,B,DRB& DOB Locus 15000

Top of Page

>>

Diabetes contd.. 

Angina pectoris androgen replacement therapy , hyperthyroidism, postmenopausal estrogen use, thyroid hormone replacement , treatment , natriuretic peptides , Anl;iovdc`iri;i, iiitisl cells , Angiofibroma(s), MENI, Angiogenesis
as anticancer therapy target, diabetic retinopathy, embryogenesis, inhibitors , leptin , malignancy, hcparin promoters , regulation , thymosin , tumoral, tumor growth, tumor metastases, Angiogenic factor(s), Angiogenin, biologic response , Angiography. Cerebral angiography Magnetic resonance angiography carotid, indications , gastrinoma, inferior petrosal yenous sinus, insulinomas, islet cell tumors, renovascular hypertension, Angioid streaks
choroidal, causes , retinal, causes , Angiokeratoma(s), Angiokeratoma corporisdiffusum. Fabry disease Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, Angioneuroticedema, eyelid, hereditary androgen therapy , Angioplasty balloon, myocardial ischemia, restenosis after growth factors , TGF-pin,. ..AngiosarcOma, thyroid, Angiostatin, biologic response , Angiotensin(s), Renin-angiotensin system, actions , formation , tissue-renin-angiotensin system, actions , formation , metabolism , skin, paraneoplastic (ectopic) secretion , plasma sodium levels.reference values , tissue renin-angiotensin system, actions , aldosterone secretion, aldosterone synthesis, atrial natriuretic peptide synthesis, brain, brain natriuretic peptide secretion, cardiac effects , catecholamine stimulation, central nervous system effects , CRH release, drinking behavior, endothelial cell growth, endothelin secretion, formation , local renal, non-ACE enzymes , skin, vascular wall, functional analysis , glomerular filtration rate (GFR), glucagon.blockade, glycogenolysis, GnRH release, inflammatory response, inhibition , natriuretic peptides , learning, metabolism , mitogenic effects , nitric oxide, norepinephrine release, ovulation, plasma/serum level critical illness, pregnancy, pulmonary disorders, plasma sooium levels, platelet adhesion, prolactin secretion, prostaglandins, pulmonary cell source , synthesis , pulmonary effects , reference values , renal effects , renal failure, renal kallikrein excretion, renal sodium water retention, renin output, response hemorrhage, salt ingestion, steroidogenesis, tissue renin-angiotensin system, tissue response , norrnal-renin hypertension, trophic effects , uterine contraction, vascular actions , vasoconstrictor effect , vasopressor response , inhibition , by natriuretic peptides, A-III, formation , tissue renin-angiotensin system, A-IV, formation , tissue rennin-angiotensin system, metabolism , precursor , renal effects metabolism , vasopressin secretion, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE-I, activity , antihypertensive effects , mechanism action , C-terminus hyprophobic anchor peptide , gene mutations , polymorphisms properties , structure , substrates , tissue distribution , activity , adipose tissue, gene , polymorphism, hypertension, reference values , serum level , thyroid function , tissue renin-angiotensin system, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition/inhibitor, contraindications , pregnancy, diabetes, effects endocrine function values, hyperkalemia caused by, hypertension, diabetes, hypoaldosteronism caused by, mechanism action , plasma renin activity, renovascular, hypertension, unilateral renal artery stenosis, Angiotensinogen (ACT), adipose tissue, gene , half-life , hypertension, metabolism , plasma/serum level , pregnancy, renin , secretion , tissue renin-angiotensin system, Angiotensin receptor(s), AT1, AT2, adipose tissue, blockade, unilateral renal artery stenosis, Angular cheilitis, with glucagonoma, ANH. Sff Atrial natriurctic hormone Animal(s), genetic manipulations , vivo, 14-16. Knock-out mice; Transgenic mice, Animal models. Mice; Rat(s), autoimmune endocrine disease, Anion exchange resins, Bile acid sequestrants adverse effects side effects , combination drug therapy, with niacin, dosage.ii.l tidministmtion , drug interactions with, indications , lipid-lo-.vering effects , Anion gap, reference values , Aniridia, homocystinuria, Anisindione, effects endocrine function values, Anophthalmos, Anorchia, bilateral, diagnosis , congenital, gynecomastia, testicular prosthesis , unilateral, Anorexia infection, endocrine brniniind, malignancy-associated, endocrine brain , Anorexia nervosa, abdominal pain , ACTH level , age onset , amenorrhea , anorexia nervosa, leptin , enuropeptide Y , anemia , animal model , behavioural changes , bone loss , characteristics , clinical characteristics . 
corticotropin-releasing hormongin, cortisol secretion , Gushing disease, dancers, diabetes, diagnosis , dietary therapy , endocrinopathy , epidemiology , food intake dysregulation , central neuropeptides , gonadotropin abnormalities , gonadotropins , growth hormone , hematologic aspects , high-risk populations , hirsutism, hypometabolism , hypopituitarism, differentiation , hypotlialamic-adrenal interrelations , hypothalamic chronic anovulation, hypothalamic dysfunction , hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , hypothalamic-pituitary axis , 
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis , hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis , inborn metabolic factors affecting, leptin , manifestations , medical complications , mortality rate , neuroendocrine abnormalities , neurohypophyseal hormones , neuromuscular manifestations , osteoporosis , prevention , pathophysiology , perceptual distortion , prognosis , psychologic characteristics , race/ethnicityand, recovery from, resting metabolic rate , resumption menses , genital distribution , sleep , suicide, sympathetic nervous system , testicular failure, thermoregulation , treatment , rapid refeeding , complications , Turner syndrome, weight loss , neuroendocrine effects , zinc deficiency , Anorexic behavior scales, Anorexigenic effectors, Anosmia Kallmniin syndrome, radioiodine therapy , Anosmin, Anovulation chronic, amenorrhea , vs. ovarian failure from Cushing syndrome, euestrogenic, hyperprolactinemic, hypopituitarism, hypothalamic, basal concentration LH FSH , treatment , isolated gonadotropin deficiency , polycystic ovary syndrome from thyroid dysfunction Anovulation (continued) luteal cysts , polycystic ovary syndrome , systemic inflammation, cytokines , Anoxia, glucose transport , antacid(s) alumimum-containing, bone disease, effects edocrine function values, glucocortiocid intractions , hypercalcemia, phosphate-binding, I hypoparathyroidism, Antogonist(s), Anterior cerebral artery aneurysm , imaging , magnetic resonance imaging , Anterior commumication artery, ligation , hyperosmolar syndrome caused by, Anterior corneal mosaic, Anterior pituitary. Pituitary, anterior lobe Antiamebic drugs, iodine content , Antiandrogen(s) chemical structure ,dysfunction, gynecomastia male infertility, pure nonsteroideal, therapy with acne, alopecia androgenica, benign prostatic hyperplasia, breast cancer, men, hirsutims, prostate cancer, after relapse, side effects , Antiapoptotic genes, islet transplant protection Antiapoptotic signals, Antiarrhythmic therapy, thyroid function, antibiotic(s) effects endocrine function values, endocrine effects , foot/limb infections, diabetes, safety , pregnancy, truvite stones, Antibody (ies). Autoantibody (ies); Immunoglobulins(s) Addison disease, amphetamines, antiphospholipid, adrenal insufficiency cause by, antithymocyte islet transplant recipient, pancreas transplant recipient, colloid, antigen-2, cortisol, definition , development , digoxin, ganglioside GM2-1, glutamic acid decarboxylase, reference values , type 1 diabetes, heterophile, hormones or hormone receptors, pathologic physiologic effects , human, against mouse antibodies, 17 Alpha –hydroxylase, 21hydroxylase, reference values , ICA69, ICA512 (IA-2), type 1 diabetes, IL-2 receptor, pancreas transplant recipient, immunologic assays, insulin, diabetes, insulin pharmacokinetics, insulin requirements, prognostic significance , type 1 diabetes, insulin receptor, insulin resistance, ovarian hyperandrogenism with, treatment , interfero, islet cell, assys diabetes risk, reference values , type 1 diabetes, microsomal hypothyroidism, nonthyroidal illness, monoclonal definition , development , parathyroid, platelet-activating factor, therapeutic potential , polyclonal definition , development , production , by B cells, HLA , HLA , specificity , sperm, nonedocrine organ-specific disorders testing, assessment male factor infertility, subclasses , definition , thymulin, skin, thyroglobulin, silent thyroiditis, thyroid, amiodarone therapy, congenital athyrosis, with goither, thyroid hormone, clinical significance , serum free throxine measurement, thyroid peroxidase, depression, Hasimoto thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, nonthyroidal illness, silent thyroiditis, thyroid-stimulation antibody (TSAb), assays , Graves disease, Graves disease treatment , thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, assays , Graves disease, clinical course, measurement , pregnancy, Hashimoto thyroiditis, measurement autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves disease, transient neonatal hypothyroidism, thyrotropin-receptor, reference values , tumor necrosis factor, therapeutic applications , vascular endothelial growth factor, Antibody extraction assay free thyroxine (T4), analog method , two-step method , method , Anticholinergic agents(s) Effects endocrine function values, dysfunction, gastric acid hypersecretion, MEN1, Anticipation, genetic, definition , anticoagulation androgen replacement therapy , hyperthyroidism, eldery, hyperthyroid patient with atrial fibrillation Anticonvulsants effects endocrine function values, insulin secretion, metabolism , hypothyroidism, osteomalcia caused by, therapy with, endocrinologic side effects , indications , vitamin D metabolism, vitamin D therapy, Antidepressants. Tricyclic antidepressants eating disorders, dysfunction, glucocoticoid, interactions , forpremenstrual syndrome, response , hypothyroidism , Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Inapprotion, syndrome ; Vasopressin aging , plasma / serum level hypothyroidism, measurement , renal disease, renal responses , resistance, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, secretion adrenocortical insufficiency, feedback inhibition by cortisol, tobacco , Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) receptor(s), Gs , Antiestrogen(s) action , endogenous, anorexia nervosa, hypercalelniacaused by, nonsteroidal, ocular effects , response , testicular function , therapy with breast cancer, adjuvant, breast cancer prevention, endometriosis, male infertility, Antifibriolytic agents, menorrhagia, Antifungla agents, endocrine effects , Antigen(s), definition , immune system , Antigenicity, versus bioactivity, Anitigen presentation, definition , Antigen-presenting cell (s), autoimmune disease, hormone expression by Anti-21-hydroxylase, reference values , antitypertensive (s) diabetes, diabetogenic, dysfunction, glucocorticoid, interactions , male infertility, orthostatic hypotension, pregnancy , Anti-IA2, reference values , Antiidiotypes, definition , Anti-islet cell antigens, reference values , Antimetabolites male infertility, osteoprosis, Antimicrobial(s). Antibiotic(s) Antimullerian Hormone, Extramullerian functions , gonadal differentiation, granulose tumors , Mullerian duct regression, production , Sertoli cells, structure , Antimullerian hormone receptors(s), Antinatriuretic system(s), Antineoplastic agent(s) effects endocrine function values, insulin secretion, male infertility, Antipiate peptide(s) Antixidant(s) lipid-lowering effects , therapy with, critical illness, Antixidant vitamin(s), Antiphospholipid antibody, adrenal insufficiency caused by, Antiprogestin(s), breast cancer, antiprotease(s), inflammatory response, Antipsychotics, dysfunction, Antisocial behavior Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, Antispasmodics. Anticholinergic agent(s) Antisprm Antibodies. Sperm antibodies Antithrombin III deficiency, treatment , antithymocyte antibodies islet transplant repcipient, pancreas transplant recipient, Antityroglobulin, reference values , Antithyroid antibodies, amiodarone therapy, congenital athyrosis, with goiter, Antithyroid drugs, adverse effects side effects , agranulocytosis caused, by, Graves disease, children, indications , long-term, neonate, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, nonthyroidal illoness, precautions with, pregnancy, pregnancy, Antithyroid microsomes, reference values , Antithyroid perxidase antibodies depression, reference values , Antitussives iodine content , Antrum, follicular, precocious formation , atresia , Anxiety cholecystokinin , corticortropin-releasing hormone hypersecretion , endocrinopathy, physical manifestations , Anxiolytics, premenstrual syndrome, Aortic dilatation, Marfan syndrome, aortic dissection, Marfan syndrome, Aortic stenosis, inherited disorders aminoacid metabolism, APECED.Autoimmunepolyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy  Apert syndrome, ocular manifestations , Apgar score maternal tobacco use , Aphallia, Aphthae ndocrine/metabolic cause ora mucosal, menstruation , Aphthous ulcer(s), HIV-infectec (AIDS) patients, A.P.L. Human chorionic gonadotropin Aplastic anemia Erythropoietin production , estrous-associated, Apnea infants, hypercalcemia-related, sleep. Sleep apnea apo. Apoliporotein(s) Apocrine gland(s), apocrine secretion, Apolipoprotein(s) Apocrine secretion, Apolipoprotein (s), amphipathic helix , apo (a), atherosclerosis, isoproteins , molecular weights , apo A-I, apo C-II, apo A-IV, deficiencies , cardiovascular risk assessment, deficiency , estrogen , fractional catabolic rate , functions , hiht-density lipoproteins, hyperthyroidism, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, Milano, molecular mass , mutations , plasma/serum level , reference values , synthesis , variants , variants , apo A-I apo C-III, deficiency , apo a-II, functions , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , apo A-IV, function , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , apo B, cardiovascular risk assessment, deficiency , familial hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, gene expression, thyroid hormones , molecular weight , abnormal, hypobetalipoproteinemia with, reference values , secretion , synthesis , apo B-48, chylomicrons, deficiency , functions , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , apo B-100, Beta-sheet , defects , familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial defective, familial hyperapobetalipoproteinemia,functions , lipid binding by, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein distribution , molecular mass mutation , pleasma / serum level , receptor-binding domain , synthesis , apo C, exchange or transfer anong lipoproteins, apo C-I functions , lipoprotein distribution , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , spo C-II deficiency , functions , lipoprotein distribution , lipoprotein lipase, molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , apo C-III functions , gene expression, hyperthyroidism, lipoprotein distribution , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , synthesis , apo E, alleles , apo E-2, deficiency , exchange or transfer among lipoproteins, functions , homozygosity, lipoprotein distribution , molecular mass , plasma / serum level , postmenopausal hormone replacement , receptor-binding domain , synthesis , variants , apo E-4, characterization , as cofactors enzymes lipid metabolism, exchange or transfer among lipoproteins, functions , lipid-binding affinities , lipid redistribution among cells, lipid transport, structure , synthesis , thyroid hormones , Apomorphine nausea caused by, vasopressin secretion, vasopressin secretion, Apoprotein(s). Apolipoprotein (s) corpus luteum, embryonic cavitation, follicle, granulose cells, induction , by jsomatostatin, morphologic changes , necrosis, diffrerentiation , octreotide therapy osteoblast, prevention , islet transplant protection, regulation , insulin-like growth factors , signaling factors , thyrocyte, Hashimoto thyroiditis, tumor necrosis factor , Apparent cholesterol desmolase deficiency, Apparent mineralocorticoid excess, laboratory findings with, Appendicitis, with rupture, infertility, Appetite, abnormal growth , adiposity signals , catabolic signals , changes , oral conteraceptives , cholecystokinin , clinical abnormalities , definition , hypothalamic centers , leptin , regulation afferent mechanisms , central effectors , hypothalamus , limbic system , mechanisms , afferent, long-term, short-term, zinc , satiety signals, Appetite stimulants, therapy with, HIV-infected (AIDA) patients, Apple shape body type, diabetes , Approximate entropy, APRIL. A proliferation-inducing ligand Aprobarbital. Barbiturates Aproliferation-inducing ligand , BIOLOGIC RESPONSE , Aprotinin (trasylol), APRT. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase AP-1 transcription factor, glucocorticoids , APUD. Amine precursor uptake decarboxylation Aquaporin(s) AQP-1 functions , localization , AQP-2, abnormalities, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, gene , mutations , localization , vasopression , AQP-3 functions , localization , AQP-4 functions , localization , insertion , synthesis , trafficking , Arachidonic acid derivatives asthmatic patient with hypetthyroidism, glucocorticoids , fetal membrances, hydroxylated derivatives , chemotactic effects , kinins , metabolism , asthmatic patient with hyperthyroidism, critical illness, drugs affecting, metabolites ,. Eicosanoid(s) dual action , glucose-induced insulin secretion inactivation , lungs, mast cell-derived, nomenclature , pulmonary, pharmacologic/physiologic actions , therapeutic potential , Arachnodactyly, congenital (contractural), Arachonoid cyst(s) ophthalmopathy with, suprasellar, imaging , Arachnoiditis, chiamsmal , Arborization, cervical mucus, arcuate nucleus, appetite regulation, functional significance , Gn RH from, areolae, pigmented, hypothyroidism, Argentaffin staining, Arginine effects endocrine function values, structure ,  L-Argninine hypertension, metabolism atherosclerosim nitric oxide formation, L-Arginine analog(s) Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence, IGFBSs, TGF- Beta, L- Arginine-methyle ester, Arginine test drug effects , elderly expected response , method , physiologic factors affecting, special considerations / interpretation , substance measured , Arginine vasopressin (AVP), . Vasopressin Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency, Argininosuccinate synthase deficiency, agrininosuccinic aciduria, organ-specific involvement , Argon laser, diabetic retinopathy, action , effectiveness , Argyll Robertson pupil, Argyrophilic staining, ARIA. Ach receptor-inducing activity Arimidex.

Causes of Hair Fall || Investigations & Diagnosis || Treatment of Hair Problems||Contact us
  White Spots || Urticaria || Consult us at our centre | || Contact Dermatitis || Scar || Acne Pimple || Itching
Psoriasis || Eczema ||  Dry Skin || Oily Skin || Recurrent Infection  ||  Fungus Nail  || Enquiry Form