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  (1) What Is Thyroid
(2) Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
(3) Cure Of Thyrotoxicosis( Hyperthyroidism)
(4) Cure of Hypothyroidism
(
5)
Hypothyroidism
(
6) Goitre (Thyroid enlargement)
(7) Hypothyroidism in  infancy & childhood
(8
) Hyperthyroidism during Pregnancy
(9) Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy
(10
) Thyroiditis
:  Subacute Thyroiditis
                             Silent Thyroiditis
                            
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
                             Post Partum Thyroiditis
(11) Thyroid Carcinoma
 


Hypothyroidism
 

  What is Hypothyroidism
Symptoms
Causes (Permanent & Temporary)
Investigations & Diagnosis
Treatment of Hypothyroidism?
Cure of Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism during Infancy & Childhood
Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy
 

What is Hypothyroidism: Hypothyroidism means deficiency of thyroid hormone in the body. When thyroid gland works less than normal leading to decreased level of thyroid hormone in the body is called hypothyroidism. In this disorder thyroid hormone (T3, T4) production from thyroid gland is decreased so that T3, T4 level in blood decreases &
TSH increases.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism: Symptoms of hypothyroidism are weight gain, dry skiin, decreased sweating,  hair loss, constipation, feeling of cold, anxiety, nervousness, irritability, depression, weakness (fatigue, Tiredness), body pain, swelling over face & body,  high blood pressure (hypertension) wrinkling of skiin, breathlessness, anemia, hair fall, hair become dry, brittle& fall easily, eyebrow hair may also fall specially on outer side, constipation, decreased appetite, excess snoring, day time sleepiness, less retaining of studied material (poor memory) & poor performance in studies difficulty in walking & muscular weakness, muscle of body may become enlarged & stiff but still they have less strength, & poor growth leading to short height in child. Anemia (low hemoglobin) may occur. In women it may lead to menstrual irregularity ( late period or early period associated usually with heavy bleeding but rarely bleeding may e even less).some times bleeding may totally stop i.e. amenorrhoea i.e. no period at all). It may also lead to difficulty in getting pregnancy or even if she conceives may lead to recurrent abortion.

In males it leads to less sperm & infertility & even nil sperms.

Hypothyroidism at birth called congenital hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism in new born infant & child leads to difficulty in standing, poor mental development (low I.Q.), poor memory, poor scholastic performance & dwarfism (short height). Children affected by hypothyroidism become mentally weak (called cretinism).

Thyroid hormone regulates body temperature, maintains normal heart rate and normal functioning of the digestive tract, including bowel regularity and stimulates normal appetite. Thus any deficiency of thyroid hormone level affects almost all body systems.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism is called when T3, T4 is normal but TSH is high it need to be properly investigated & treated for permanent cure.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Causes of permanent Hypothyroidism:

The various causes for permanent thyroid hormone deficiency are as follows:

1)      Idiopathic Atrophy of thyroid: In this disease thyroid is destroyed by some thyrotoxic cells or due to antithyroid antibodies.

2)      Severe iodine deficiency

3)      Thyroid dysgenesis: The thyroid gland is either absent (aplasia), markedly under-developed (hypoplasia), on not in its proper location (ectopic)).

4)      Central Hypothyroidism:  there is defect in thyroid controlling hormone due to defect in pituitary or hypothalmic gland. In this thyroid gland is absolutely normal in structure still thyroid hormone formation is less.

5)      Thyroid hormone resistance: in this variety, patient has normal thyroid gland & normal thyroid hormone, still thyroid hormone is unable to work due to defect in thyroid hormone action. Thus patient has all the features of hypothyroidism even with normal thyroid hormone values.

 6)      Thyroid hormone forming capacity defect is also a important cause of hypothyroidism.

 7)      Hypothyroidism due to goitrogens

 8)      Hypothyroidism due to drug induced as lithium, amiadarone etc.

       9) Hashimoto Thyroiditis: In this condition there occurs infiltration in the thyroid by thyroid damaging immune cells leading to progressive damage to thyroid. This results in gradual decline of thyroid functions. It may also be associated with thyroid enlargement swelling due to deposition of inflammatory cells in the thyroid. Symptoms are thyroid enlargement & symptoms of hypothyroidism. It may occur any time from childhood to old age.

10)  Thyroid damage due to Subacute Thyroiditis

11)  Thyroid damage due to silent Thyroiditis

12)  Thyroid damage due to post partum Thyroiditis
 

Causes of Temporary Hypothyroidism: Many cases of hypothyroidism can be cured permanently if correct diagnosis is made. The various etiologies which cause temporary hypothyroidism are as follows:

1)      Hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency

2)       Hypothyroidism due to Subacute thyroiditis

3)      Hypothyroidism due to silent thyroiditis

4)      Hypothyroidism due to goitrogens

5)      Hypothyroidism due to drug induced as lithium, amiadarone etc.

6)      Hypothyroidism due to goitrogens

7)      Hypothyroidism due to radiation exposure.

8)      Hypothyroidism due to goitrogens

9)      Hypothyroidism due to sick euthyroid syndrome.

10)    Thyroid damage due to Subacute Thyroiditis

11)  Thyroid damage due to silent Thyroiditis

12)  Thyroid damage due to post partum Thyroiditis

Investigations & Diagnostic Tests:  Some of the following tests are required for correct diagnosis of severity of hypothyroidism, what its cause is & whether it is temporary or permanent. After below mentioned test we may decide what dose to be given & how long to continue it.

1) Free T3, Free T4 & TSH / or T3, T 4 & TSH ( In hypothyroidism there is low free T3 or T3 & free T4 & T4 & high TSH.

Other below mentioned tests required to know the cause of hypothyroidism & also in deciding whether this thyroid disorder is temporary i.e. permanent or temporary.

2) Thyroid microsomal antibody (also known as anti-peroxidase antibody or anti-                 microsomalantibody

3) Anti-thyroglobulin antibody

4) Thyroid scan

5) Urinary iodine

6) ESR

7) Fine needle aspiration cytology

8) Sonography Thyroid

9) Thyroglobulin

11) Other relevant tests.


Treatment: Before starting the treatment we decide the severity of illness, its cause & whether it is temporary or permanent. Normally in cases of temporary hypothyroidism we need to give small doses just for three to six months. Thus before staring the treatment asks your doctor whether your thyroid is temporary or permanent & whether it can be cured or not. In cases of permanent hypothyroidism full dose for that particular patient is decided. After diagnosis proper treatment in form of Thyroxine hormone (Eltroxin, Thyrox, and Thyronorm) is prescribed. It should be started in small doses initially then gradually increased to full doses otherwise it can lead to certain side effects. Thyroid medicine is safe during pregnancy.  It does not harm the fetus during pregnancy. During pregnancy we need to keep it well control. Initially Thyroid tests are done every six weekly and accordingly dose of thyroxine hormone adjusted. In thyroid patients inspite of control thyroid level patient may still get some symptoms due to certain other hormones may be abnormal. If you keep taking medicine regularly & get yourself checked by thyroid specialist you can live healthy life without any side effects. Remember if you forget to take medicine in the morning take it immediately the moment you remember & if forget whole day next day take double dose. In cardiac patients thyroid hormone replacement should be given very gradually otherwise it can lead to aggravation of heart problems. 


Cure of hypothyroidism:
After detail history, examination & some of the above mentioned test one should decide that whether thyroid problem of that particular patient is temporary or permanent. Because many cases of thyroid are temporary still doctor keep giving lifelong medication wrongly. Thus before staring the treatment asks your doctor whether your thyroid is temporary or permanent & whether it can be cured or not. If proper diagnosis of etiology of thyroid disorder is diagnosed then many times it can be cured permanently. Thus ask your doctor or meet us at our diabetes & thyroid centre to find out correct diagnosis.  Because many of the causative agent once they are removed lead to cure of thyroid.. For knowing whether hypothyroidism can be cured or not you may contact us personally.  

                  
Hypothyroidism in Infancy & Childhood

When hypothyroidism occurs from birth is called congenital hypothyroidism & when it starts after the age of one year then it is called juvenile hypothyroidism. 

Congenital Hypothyroidism:
Congenital Hypothyroidism  is defined as thyroid hormone deficiency starting from the time of birth. When untreated Congenital Hypothyroidism leads to mental retardation is also referred to as cretinism.

Symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism in infancy and early childhood: Most often than not, babies effected by Congenital Hypothyroidism appear perfectly normal at birth. Symptoms are usually not noticed in newborns until the lack of effective thyroid hormone has already begun doing lasting damage. Even if present the symptoms are so nonspecific or subtle that they are invariably missed in initial few weeks of life.. In fact, Congenital Hypothyroidism babies are often described as “good babies” because they rarely cry and sleep most of the time. The skiin may be pale, cold, mottled, or jaundice, extremities may be short (.e. broad hands with short fingers) and voice resembling a hoarse sounding cry. A distended abdomen, umbilical hernia, anemia, delayed bone maturation and respiratory distress are some more indications of problem. The temperature, heart rate and blood count are usually below normal. Physical development may be slowed, with floppy muscles, sluggish reflexes, poor weight gain and slow mental development. 

Most prominent symptoms are poor brain development, low I. Q., dull child, inability to speak or walk at right time (i.e. delay in walking or speaking in infancy), Brain & Central nervous system maturation may be Decreased IQ, Deafness, Neurological dysfunction (Spasticity, incordination, tremor), squint, Attention Deficit Disorder, obesity, swelling over body, poor food intake i.e. less appetite. Lethargic child, such children cry less, child often keeps open mouth, flat nose, large tongue, puffy face, dry brittle hair, short thick neck, thyroid enlargement (goitre) in neck, Constipation, Feeding problems, Prolonged jaundice, Hypothermia (low body temperature), low pulse rate, Decreased sweating, pale skiin, Anemia, Dry, thickened skiin, Muscle may be prominent but weak, Decreased long bone growth resulting in short height, prominent head, Delayed tooth eruption.

If such children are not started treatment very soon after birth then their intelligence decreases in adult life. Their memory power as well as other fine motor performance decreases. But if the treatment started at very early age no brain damage occurs & child develops with full normal intelligence. If not adequately treated children develop mild to severe grade mental retardation, learning disabilities, autism or dyslexia.

There are three effects of thyroid hormone on development of child

Brain Development
during the first few years of life is dependent on thyroid hormone. It is crucial in regulating development of the brain and nervous system.
Growth:
Thyroid hormone is critical for promoting normal  height growth as it controls the development of the bones and muscles. Thyroid hormone also affects the growth of the teeth.
Metabolism:
Thyroid hormone regulates body temperature, maintains normal heart rate and normal functioning of the digestive tract, including bowel regularity and stimulates normal appetite.

Causes Of Congenital Hypothyroidism: The normally due to failure of the gland to develop correctly or due to other causes as iodine deficiency, defect in thyroid hormone forming capacity etc.. The thyroid gland may be absent or be present in an abnormal location or may fail to produce enough thyroid hormone or the thyroid gland may be absent. Some cases of hypothyroidism in infant is temporary where as others are permanent. Thus before starting the treatment we must make sure that whether aby is suffering with temporary or permanent hypothyroidism.

The various causes are as follows:
 
Cause of Permanent hypothyroidism from birth:
The causes of permanent hypothyroidism from birth are

a)       Thyroid Dysgenesis: The thyroid gland is either absent (aplasia), markedly under-developed (hypoplasia), on not in its proper location (ectopic)), Hypoplasia, Aplasia,
 
b)
      Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis: Iodide transporter defect, Organification defect, Thyroglobulin abnormality

c)
      Central Hypothyroidism: TSH deficiency, TSH receptor mutation
In this  defect is due to abnormalities of the hypothalamus (in the brain) and/or pituitary (another gland in the brain). 

d)   Thyroid hormone resistance

e)   Endemic cretinism due to Iodine deficiency & goitrogens


Causes of Temporary Hypothyroidism at birth:

Maternal thyroid disease can have a substantial influence on foetal and neonatal thyroid function. Maternal auto-antibodies (seen in autoimmune thyroiditis) can cross the placenta and inhibit thyroid function. Much less commonly, transient hypothyroidism may occur in babies that are exposed to iodine-containing substances (e.g. X-ray dyes and certain skiin cleansers) either at or soon after birth Maternal iodide deficiency, Maternal antithyroid drug therapy,  Idiopathic, Intrauterine thyroid inflammatory disease  Autoimmune thyroiditis, transplacental passage of thyrocytotoxic factors, Maternal sensitized lymphocytes, Iatrogenic, Maternal iodide therapy, Impaired thyroid response to thyrotropin, ,  Maternal TSH receptor blocking antibody,  Drug induced
Hypothyroidism with prematurity, Iodine deficiency


Juvenile i.e. Hypothyroidism acquired after one year age:

A child, just like an adult, can become hypothyroid at any point of time; this is called acquired or juvenile hypothyroidism. Causes symptom diagnosis & treatment of juvenile & childhood hypothyroidism is same as for adult patients.


Hypothyroid during Pregnancy   

The various thyroid disorders during pregnancy are:  As in adult pregnant women may suffer with thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism), or thyroid hormone excess (thyrotoxicosis), or simply thyroid enlargement (goitre).

Hypothyroidism is called when thyroid hormone (T3, T4) production is decreased so that T3, T4 level in blood decreases & TSH increases (increased).

Consequences of Hypothyroidism:
during pregnancy is risk of abortion. But if properly treated no abortion occurs & healthy child is born. If thyroid is not well controlled it may lead to various complication to mother or fetus.

Complications to Foetus: If thyroid is not adequately treated then following complication may occur in fetus in uterus or after the birth.

Abortion
? Intellectual deficiency: some studies have shown that if thyroid is not properly treated it may lead to some point of intelligence loss in baby.
Low Birth weight         
Under-weight in utero or after birth      
Premature birth
Intrauterine growth retardation 
Rare congenital hypothyroidism


(Note: but if thyroid is treated by thyroid expert & thyroid level are kept in proper range no complication to fetus will occur.)

Maternal complications of hypothyroidism
           
Development of high blood pressure during pregnancy
Preterm delivery
Postpartum hemorrhage (excess bleeding during labour)

Treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy: First diagnosis of severity of thyroid hormone deficiency & diagnosis of its cause is assessed first.  Once the diagnosis is made the treatment is started in full dose. Remember full dose of thyroid hormone replacement started from beginning. We decide the full dose based on severity of hypothyroidism & weight of the mother & the duration of pregnancy. Full dose started from beginning so that with in a week time thyroid can be normalized. Once we start the right dose from beginning the no complication will occur to mother or baby. Thyroid hormone treatment given in the form of Thyroxine hormone (Eltroxin, Thyrox, and Thyronorm) is prescribed. Remember thyroid medicine can be safely given during pregnancy. It has no side effect. It does not harm the child. During pregnancy we need to keep thyroid level well control so that risk of abortions can be avoided. So get your thyroid test regularly every six weekly after that dose may need to be adjusted by thyroid experts.

After birth of fetus thyroid is tested & accordingly managed.

It has been advised by most authorities in medical science that thyroid problem during pregnancy should be managed by thyroid experts i.e. those doctors who are qualified ENDOCRINOLOGIST (DM).  


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Thyroid contd.


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We get patients from all major cities in India & Abroad . In the following cities all the facilities for investigation & treatments including medicines are available as Delhi (North, South, East, Central, West, New Delhi), Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Noida, Gurgaon, Meerut, Saharanpur, Dehradun, Ferozepur , Aurangabad, Manesar, Rewari, Pataudi, Rohtak, Bahadurgarh,Bombay,  Bhiwani, Karnal, Panipat , Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Batala, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Chandigarh, Calcutta,  Ferozepur Simla, Manali, Jammu, Udhampur, Poonch, Rajouri, Srinagar, Kargil, Aligarh, Mathura, Etawah, Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kashi, Faizabad, Bareilly, Moradabad, Rampur., Dehradun, Uttarkashi, Meerut, Sitapur, Mathura,  Madras, Pilibhit, Nainital, Almora, Agra, Ferozabad, Jhansi, Alwar, Jaipur, Dausa, Ajmer, Beawar, Pali, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota, Dholpur, Churu, Ratangarh, Sikar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jalore, Rajkot, Porbandar, Jamnagar, Dwarka, Junagadh, Surendranagar, Bhav Nagar, Ambala, Ahmedabad, Gandhi Nagar, Godhra, Vadodara, Surat, Bilmora, Navasari, Mumbai, Sonapur, Kalbadevi, Girgaon, Dadar, Mahim, Dharavi, Juhu, Andheri, Kurla, Sahar, Pune, Thane, Palghar, Panaji, Panvel, Solapur, Pandharpur, Ahmednagar, Satara, Kolhapur, Ichalkaranji, Kalyan, Nasik, Dhule, Bhir, Nagpur, Bhandara, Amraoti, Khandwa, Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Bhopal, Vidisha, Sagar, Guna, Shivpuri, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Bhilai, Raipur, Hyderabad, Zahirabad, Suryapet, Guntakal, Chittoor, Tirupati, Tirumala, Nandyal Vijayawada, Guntur, Goa,  Tenali, Nellore, Visakhapatnam, Vellore, Bangalore, Banglore, Ulsoor, Mysore, Srirangapatna, Hassan, Mangalore, Udupi, Manipal, Davanagere, Shimoga, Dharwad, Hubli, Bellary, Hospet, Bijapur, Belgaum, Chennai, Chengalpattu, Pondicherry, Tiruvannamalai, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Palani, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tirunelveli, Ambasamudram, Tenkasi, Nagercoil, Kanchipuram, Salem, Erode, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Pollachi, Kanyakumari, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, Calicut, Kottayam, Calcutta, Howrah, Purulia, Darjeeling, Siliguri, Gangtok, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Rourkela, Guwahati, Shillong, Imphal, Kohima, Agartala, Patna, Gaya, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Madhubani.

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 At these places all the facilities for investigation & treatments are available.

At our center / centre / clinic / clinics / hospital / hospitals doctors are dedicated for latest & scientific treatment of these diseases. 

ANCA-Anti Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Ab (MPO & PR3), ANCA-MPO (p-ANCA), serum, ANCA-PR3 (c-ANCA), serum, Anaerobic culture, Bacterial (Conventional culture using anaerobic jar) (Identification using API system), Androsteindione (A4), serum, Anti D (Rh) Antibody titre, Anti DNase B, Anti GAD antibody, Anti HAV-IgG Antibody to Hepatitis A Virus, serum, Anti HAV-IgM Antibody Hepatitis ‘A’ Virus, serum, Anti HBeAg-Antibodies to Hepatitis B envelope Antigen, Anti HBcAg-IgM antibodies to Hepatitis B Core Ag, Anti HBcAg-Total antibodies to Hepatitis B Core Ag, Anti HBsAg-Total antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (Quantitative), Anti HCV-Total Abs to Hepatitis C Virus (3rd Gen), Anti HCV-Total Abs to Hepatitis C Virus (4th Gen), Anti HDV-Total antibodies to Hepatitis Delta Virus, Anti HEV-IgM Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus, serum, Anti natal profile (CBC, Urine it, VDRL, Blood group, HIV, HBsAg and FBS), Anti thrombin III activity, plasma, Anti thrombin III Antigen, plasma (Overnight test), Antibiogram – Automated, Antibiogram Manual, Antibiogram - Fungal MIC panel, Antimony, APA- IgG Phospholipid antibody,

APA profile (Includes IgG and IgM antibodies against 8 different phospholipids like Cardiolipin, Beta-2-GPI, Cardiolipin-i-GPI, phosphotidyl-inositol-ethanolamin-Cnoline, Sohinaomvelin. posohotidic acid), APC-Activated protein C resistance test, Apolipoproteins A1 , serum, Apolipoproteins B, serum, Apolipoproteins A1/B, serum, aPTT- Activated Partial Thromboplastin, plasma, Arsenic, Arthritis panel (CBC, ESR, RA, CRP, ANA, Uric acid, Urine rt, Protein electrophoresis), ASAB-Anti Sperm Antibody(Total), ASCA-lgA antibodies to Sacheromyces Cerevciae, ASCA-IgG antibodies to Sacheromyces Cerevciae, ASMA-Anti Smooth Muscle Antibody, Ascitic fluid, Routine examination, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), plasma, ASKA-Skeletal Muscle(Striated Muscle) Antibody, ASO (Quantitative), serum, Aspergillosis Antibody, serum, AST (SCOT), serum, ATAB-Thyroid Antibodies(Microsomal & thyroglobulin), Audiometry, Australia Ag(HBsAg)(Confirmation/Quantification), Australia Antigen (HBsAg)(Qualitative screen), Australia Ag(HbsAg)(Spot)(Not for referred sample), Bacteriological examination Of Air, Barbiturates, urine (Qualitative), Barbiturates, urine (Quantitative), BCL-2 Oncoprotein by Immnunohistochemistry, Bence Jones Proteins, Urine (Qualitative), Benzodiazapine, urine (Qualitative), Benzodiazapine, urine (Quantitative), Beta HCG, Beta-2-Crosslaps, Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 - IgG, serum (Phospholipid), Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 - IgM, serum (Phospholipid), Beta-2-microglobulin, serum, Bicarbonate (For walkins), Bile salt & pigments, urine (Qualitative), Bilirubin (direct), serum, Bilirubin (total) serum, Bilirubin (Total, Direct, Indirect), serum, Bismuth, Bleeding & Clotting time (For walk in patients), Blood Culture (Aerobic) & Sensitivity (Automated), Blood Culture (Anaerobic) with identification, Blood Group (ABO & Rh typing), Body fluid, Routine examination, Body profile (Executive profile) (CBC, ESR, Urine rt, Stool rt, Blood qroup, Pacer-26, Apolipoproteins A1/B), BOH-Bad obstetric history Profile (ANA, Phospholipid

 

Glucocorticoid response element(s) Glucocorticoid-suppression test, Glucokinase, hepatic, Glucocorticoid suppression test, Glucoknase, hepatic, Gluconeogenesis, amylin , critical illness, defects , infancy childhood, enzymes , ethanol-induced NADH accumulation , glucocorticoids , hepatic, catecholamines , congenital defects , glucagons , glucagonoma , glucocorticoids , parathyroid hormone , postabsorptive state, hepatic reserve , insulin , neonatal, precursors , regulation , liver , Glucophase. Metformiin Glucoregulatory factors, Glucoronic acid, testosterone metabolism , Glucose. Glucose tolerance administration hypophosphatemia with, labor delivery, auto-oxidation , diabetic neuropathy , basal production rate , children, formula , blood. Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia control , pancreas transplant recipient, critical illness, beabetes goals , retinopathy, drugs affecting, fasting levels aging , diabetes diagnosis, feedback regulation , glucagons therapy , goals , children, IL-1 , measurement , interferences with, monitoring, Home blood glucose monitoring brittle diabetes, children, infant diabetic mother, intensive insulin therapy, pregnant diabetic , renal failure, monitors, normal, normalization , pregnant diabetic, pregnancy, infant mortality, pregnancy outcome, regulation , rhythms , conversion sorbitol, energy intake from, homeostasis, acute liver failure alterations , cholecystokinin , diabetes, exercise , insulin-resistance syndrome, intestine , kidneys , liver , normal phases , absorptive, early starvation, postabsorptive, prolonged starvation, regulation , transition from fed fasted state, insulin synthesis, intolerance. Glucose tolerance, impaired metabolism , brain, catecholamines , cirrhosis, enteric fever, glucagonama , hepatic, hormonal influences , hyperdrenocorticism (Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome), insulin secretion, intermediary, liver transplant recipient, maloaria, muscle, pheochromocytoma , skiin, sorbitol pathway , syndrome X, vitamin C , oral preparations (Insta-Glucose, Insulin Reaction, action , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , indications , preparations , oxidation , metabolic pathways , parenteral preparations actions , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , dosage administration ,, indications , preparations , plasma/serum level . Glucose, blood production , catecholamines , hepatic, eicosanoids , infancy childhood, protein metabolism, reabsorption , reference values , rezuirements, infants children, therapy with glugose-6-phosphatase deficiency, hyperinsulinsm infant or child, type III glycogen storage disease, transport, abnormalities, renal glucosuria bloos--brain, defect , hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome), regulation , sodium-independent facilitative, transplacental, turnover adults, newborn, uptake cellular, premenstrual syndrome , liver, urinary. Glucosuria detection , factors affecting, measurement , diabetes, vasopressin secretion, water-soluble fiber , Glucose-alanine-glucose cycle, Gloucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), actions , clearance , renal disease, diffuse neuroendocrine system, pancreatic islet cells, pathophysiology , precursor , secretion calcitonin , nodular adrenal cortical hyperplasia, structure , Glucose effectiveness, Glucose-glutamine cycle, glucose intolerance. Glucose tolerance, impaired Glucose-lactate-glucose cycle, Glucose-6-phosphates, deficiency , clinical presentation , ocular reffects , physical findings , purine synthesis, gluconeogenesis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene, women heterozygous , heteropolymeric forms , isoenxymes , Glucose-sensing mechanisms, Glucose sensitivity, Glucose tolerance circadian variation , IFN-Y , impaired, acromegaly, aging , azotemia, cirrhosis, Cushing disease, 

Glucose tolerance (continued) Cushing syndrome, definition , diagnostic criteria , drug-induced, elderly, endocrine causes , genetic syndromes associated with, with glucagonoma, hemochromatosis, with hormone overproduction, mechanisms , with hyperprolactinemia, hyperthyroidism, hypertriglyceridemia, management , nonendocrine cause , nonendocrine causes , pancreatitis-related, with pheochromocytoma, prevalence , progression type 2 diabetes, with prolactinoma, syndrome X, type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion, with VIPoma, oral contraceptives , polycystic ovary syndrome , potential abnormality , previous abnormality vitamin D , Glucose tolerance factor chromium , deficiency , Glucose tolerance test diagnostic, drug effects , dynamic testing growth hormone secretion, expected response , intraindividual variation , intravenous, method , oral, corticosteroid-primed, physiologic factors affecting, special considerations/interpretation , standardization , substance measured , Glucose transporter(s), COOH terminus, GLUTI1, GLUT2, hyperprolactinemia, GLUT4, glucocorticoids , hyperthyroidism, insulin resistance , renal, Alpha-helical domains , NH2 terminus, pancreatic B cells, site glycosylation (CHO), structure , type, Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitor (s). Alpha-glucosidase inhibiotor(s) Glucostatic hypothesis, appetite regulation, Glucosuria diabetic nephropathy, renal, Glucosylceramide lipidosis, ocular manifestations , Glucotrol. Glipizade Glucovance. Glyburide; Metformin Bete-Glucuronidase deficiency , ocular effects , mast cell-derived, Glutamate, hypothalamic activity, Glutamate dehydrogenase, gain--function mutation , Glutamate receptors, metabotropic, Glutamic acid dietary protein , structure L-Glutamic acid, derivatives , hormonal functions , Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies reference values , Glutamic acid decaboxylase(GAD), antibodies , type 1 diabetes, assay , GAD-65, vaccination with, diabetes prevention, isoforms , Glutamic acid peroxidase, thymus, Glutamine, CRH release, gluconeogenesi, structure Y-Glutamyltranspeptidase deficiency, Glutaric academia, type II, Glutaric aciduria, typeII, Glutathione metabolism , genetic disorders , oxidized, sleep-promoting properties , physiologic functions , Glutathione sulfonyl transferase (GST) pulldown, Glutathione synthase deficiency, erythrocytes, generalized, organ-specific involvementin, Glutathionuria, urine screeing test , Gluten Exorphin A5, structure , Gluten-sensitive enteropathy hypoparathyroidism , with thyroid disorders, Gluten-sensitive enteropathy hypoparathyroidism , with thyroid disorders, Glutethimide, effects endocrine function values, Glyburide(DiaBeta, Glynase, Micronase, Glucovance),. Sulfonylurea(s) actions , adverse effects side effects , contraindications diabetes, elderly, dosage administration effects endocrine function values, hepatotoxicity , indications , micronized, dosage administration , pharmacology , pharmacology , preparations , structure , Glycated (glycosylated) albumin, reference, valused , Glycemic control. Glucose, blood; Glucose, homeostasis pancreas transplant recipient, Glycemic index, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphaste dehydrogenase, glycolysis, Glycerin. Osmotic diuretics Glycerin suppository. Laxatives Glycerol gluconeogensis, plasma/serum level , renal failure, Glycine cerebrospinal fluid, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, structure , Glycine cleavage complex deficiency, Glycogen energy intake from, epidermis, exercise , hepatic, hepatic deposition , diabetes, metabolism , coordination with glycolysis, intermediary, regulation , glycogen synthase , phosphorylase , storage , synthesis , defect , muscle catecholamines , Glycogen debrancher enzyme deficiency, Glycogenolysis, critical illness, hepatic, catecholamines , glucagons , glucagonoma , regulation , hormonal stimuli , hormonal stimuli , insulin , muscle, PGE , prevention , infants children, tumor necrosis factor , Glycogenosis diabetes, liver, X-linked(XLG), Glycogen phosphorylase, hepatic, deficiency , Glycogen storage disorder(s) ocular manifestations , osteoporosis , type I, glucose intolerance , ocular manifestations , type III, differentiation , type Ia, type IIb, type III, prognosis , type I, differentiation , type IIIa, type Fib, type IIIc, type VI, type VIII, type IX, Glycogen synthase, activity , gene fro (GYS2), mutations , insulin , phosphorylation , regulation , Glycogen synthetase deficiency, genetics , hyperketonemia , hypoglycemia , ketonuria , Glycohemoglibin. Standardization Program, Glycolipid(s), synthesis , skiin, Glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, coordination , regulation , liver , phosphofructokinase , skiin Glycoprotein(s) gp 130, plasma membrane, as cytokine receptors, synthesis , skiin, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, Glycoprotein crystal growth -inhibitor (GCI) protein, abnormalities , nephrolithiasis, Glycoprotein hormones(s). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); Luteinizing hormone (LH); Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) characteristic , isoforms , testicular function , renal metabolism , seat-belt region , structure , subunits ,. Alpha subunit; Beta subunit cystine knot , Glycoprotein hormone receptor(s), leucine-rich repeat , glycosaminoglycans, synthesis , I skiin, Glycsylation-inhibiting factor (GIF), Glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GIF), Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALF), Glycyrrhiza, effects endoerine function values, Glycyrrrhizic acid, neuromuscular effects , Glynase. Glyburide Glyset. Miglitol GMF. Glia maturation factor GM1 ganglioside Beta-galctosidase deficiency, GNAS1 gene, mutations , GnRH. gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH-A/LHRH-A. Gonadotropinareleasinghormone (GnRH) agonist(s) GnRH-associated peptide (GAP), as prolactininhibiting factor, GnSI/AF. gonadotropin surge-inhibiting or attenuating factor goiter. Thyroiditis adenomatous, signs symptoms , "cost," colloid MEN1, pediatric patients, signs symptoms , congenital, familial, sporadic, definition , elderly, endemic, I end-stage renal disease, esophageal compression by, etiology , euthyroid, fetal, with Hashimoto thyroiditis, Horllander syndrome, Hollander syndrome, hypothyroidism imaging , iodide, with hypothyroidism, iodine-induced, magnetic resonance imaging , multinodular, children, signs symptoms , toxic, pulmonary hypertension with, neonatal, nontoxic, autoimmune factors , biochemical findings cause , establishment , clinical course , clinical features , differential diagnosis , diffuse, epidemiology , history-taking with, imaging , laboratory evaluation patient with, large, surgery , local symptoms , nodular, epidemiology , pathogenesis , physical findings with, postoperative recurrence , pregnancy, prevalence , prognosis , surgery , thyroid antibodies , thyroid antibodies , treatment , pediatric patient, causes , incidence , Pendred syndrome pregnancy, radiation-related, retroclavicular, retrosternal, sings symptoms , simple, pediatric patients, smokers, sporadic, substernal clinical features , imaging , surgery , thyroglobulin synthesis defects , thyroiditis , toxic diffuse. Graves disease historical prespective , historical perspective multinodular, differential diagnosis , multnodular, radionuclide imaging , nodular, diagnosis , toxins , TSH antibodies , ultrasound , Goitrogen(s) dietary, fetal exposure , Gold compounds, effects endocrine function values, gold-198 implantation , Cushing syndrome, intracavitary instillation , pituitary-hypothalamic tumors, Gold, Philip W., Goldbers, Alisa B., Goldberg, Ira J., Goldberg, Stuart L., Goldberg syndrome, ocular manifestation , Goldfine, Allison B., Goldstein, Allan L., Goldstein, David S., Golgi complex, cis, medial, trans regions , Golgi stack, Golitzaman, David, Goltz syndrome, Gonad(s). Steak gonad alcohol , autoimmune disease ,. Ovarian failure, primary calcification near, gonadoblastoma , cocaine use , cytokines , development errors , X-chromosome inactivation , differentatiation , disorders depression, lead excess , neuromuscular manifestations , dynamic tests , dysfunction cancer treatment-related, hematologic manifestations , women with renal failure, embryonal development , fetal, differentiation , function blindness , critical illness, glucocorticoids , , infections , marijuana , neoplasia complete androgen insensitivity, paraneoplastic syndromes with, physical examination , tobacco , Gonadal agenesis. Ovarian dysgenesis Gonadal axis positive feedback , regulation , gonadal dysgenesis,. Ovarian dysgenesis; Triple-X syndrome; Turner syndrome; Ullrich-Noonan syndrome asymmetric, diagnosis , evaluation , gross appearance, , mixed, prediction adult height, pregnancy , pure, genital maturation, genital maturation, short stature, taste sense, treatment , true hermaphroditism, 46, XX, XX, follicle-stimulation hormone-receptor mutations , XY, 46, XY, XY/XO mixed, Gonadal failure acquired, autoimmune, classification , men with renal failure, radioiodine therapy , type 1 polyglandular syndrome, Gonadal hormone(s) cardiovascular effects , plasma/serum level , hypothalamic chronic anovulation, Gonadal mosaicism, gonadal ridge, Gonadectomy, gonadectomy cells, gonadoblastoma(s) vory, 45, X/46,XY, gonadorelin acetate (Lutrepulase) actions , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , effects endocrine function values, indications , preparation , Gonadorelin HCI(Factrel) actions , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , indications , preparations , Gonadostat, Gonadotrope(s), adenoma . Pituitary adenoma(s), gonadotrope hormone production by, hyperplasia , luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone , staining , ultrastructure , Gonadotropic axis, rhythms , Gonadotropin(s), stimulating hormone; Luteinizing hormone aging , anorexia nervosa, assisted reproduction, clearance , testicular failure , critical illness, deficiency, acquired forms , male hypogonadism , anorexia nervosa, congenital, syndromes associated with, isolated, basal concentration LH FSH , chronic anovulation, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism , male infertility, pseudohermaphroditism, radiation-related, effects endocrine function values, episodic release , exogenous 17Alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, euestrogenic chronic anovulation, follicle atresia, prevention , hypothalamic anovulation, ovulation induction, adverse effects side effects , indications , step-up step-down protocols , follicular stimulation, endometriosis, gynecomastia, hypothalamic chronic anovulation, anorexia nervosa, hypothalmamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, Klinefelter syndrome, levels , testicular failure , male infertility, menopausal, follicle selection, ovulation pituitary,. Follicle-stimulating hormone; Luteinizing hormone abnormalities , clearance , deficiency , females, laboratory assessment , males, postmenopausal, sidgns symptoms , exocytosis , gonadal effects , gonadal hormones , hypersecretion ,. Pituitary adenoma(s), gonadotrope medical therapy , mutations , peripheral blood, immunoassays measurement redioimmunosassay , recombinant, secretion age-related patterns , pulsatile, regulation , storage subunit structure synthesis , plasma/serum level anorexia nervosa, hypothalamic chronic anovulation, life cycle phases , liver transplant recipient, polycystic ovary syndrome , premature varian failure, primary hypogonadism, production , puberty , redioreceptor assays, testicular function evaluation, secretion glucocorticoid , liver disease , mechanisms , men with renal failure, pulastile follicular phase, luteal phase dysfunction, suppression , testicular dysfunction, sensitivity reserve, subunits, testivular function , laboratory evaluation , thymosin Beta4 , gonadotropin-dependent/central precocious pubety. precocious bubety, gonadotropin-dependent gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty. precocious beberty, gonadotropin-independent gonadotropin receptor(s), mutations , gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), actions , intracellural pathways , clearance , testicular failure , down-regulation gonadotropins with, elderly men, exogenous, ovulation control, fetal, gonadotropes, h CG synthesis, human chrionic, levels , testivular failure , LH surge, menpause, neurons containing embryonic migration, hypothalamus, ovulation control pituitary tumorigenesi, plasma/serum level , pregnancy, polycystic ovary syndrome , precocious puberty, precursor , prolaction secretion, puberty, response critical illness, loss, men with renal failure, women with renal failure, secretion , altered, hypothalamic chronic anovulation, cytokines , pulsatile, regulation , Sertoli cell secretion , structure , therapy with, critical illness, cryptorchidim, fro Kallmann syndrome, pulsatile versus continuous administration, hypothalamic chronic anovulation, ovulation induction with, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (s) GnRH-A/LHRH-A), adverse effects side effects , differentiate ovarian vs. adrenal androgen, endometriosis, versus estrogen-progestin pill, serum estradiol concentrations , hirsutism , precocious puberty, premenstrual syndrome, suppress androgen secretion ovarian tumors, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) analog(s) endometriosis, infertility, gonadotropin-dependent/central precocious puberty, as male contraceptive, combination with testosterone, mammary dysplasia, mastodynia, protective effect , against breast cancer, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist(s), gonadotrope ceel adenoma, hCG synthesis, Gnadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone -associated peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor(s), mutation , related endocrine disorders, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor(s), mutations , related endocrine disorders, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) superagonist analog (s) formulations , prostate cancer, combined with ketoconazole, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test diagnosis gonadotropin-dependent/central precocious puberty, drug effects , expected response , intarindividual variation , method , physiologic factors affecting, special considerations/interpretation , substance measured , testicular function, Gonadotropin surge-inhibiting or attenuation factor(GnSI/AF), LH segre, Gonaductal differentiation, Gonal F. Follinotropin alpha Gonal. Human chronic gonadotropin Gonzales, Esther A., Goodman, Michael N. , Goormaghtigh cells. Mesangial cells, extra-glomerular Gorden Phillip, Gordon, Frederic D., Gordon syndrome, Gorham Massive osteolysis, Goserelin acetate(Zoladex) action , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , effects endocrine function values, indications , preparations , therapy with breast cancer treatment, endometriosis, premenstrual syndrome, prostate cancer, Gout alcohol , causes, decreased urate clearance , diabetes, with disorders purine metabolism, familial combined hyperlipidemia, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, IL-8 , intercritical-period , kallikrein-kinin system , nephrogenic diabetes inspidus , ocular manifestations , primary hyperparathyroidism, strabismus , tophi , G6PD. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G protein(s), Alpha-subunit , BetaY-subunit , Beta-subunit , classes , coupling , coupling calcitonin-receptor complex , disease related , follicular estradiol production, functions , Gi (inhibitory), Gq, Gs (stimulatory), alpha subunit , loss--function mutations , mutations , alpha subunit , deficiency maternal transmission , phenotypic variation , variable hormonal responsiveness , deficiency , pituitary tumorigenesis, pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, Y-subunit , IGFI signaling pathway, mutations , cromegaly, human disease, opioid receptor singal transduction, parathyroid hormone secretors, secretion, PGE, preimplantation embryo, somato staitireceptors, subunits , protein-coupled receptors, group II, homology , mutations , activating, gain function, loss function related endocrine disorders, signaling pathways , raaffian follicles. Follicle(s), ovarian, graafian, ram negative bacilli, pharyngeal coloization with, diabetes, Granin, PTH secretion, canner, Daryl K., Canular cell tumor(s), pituitary, Canulocyte(s) dermal, differentiation , IGF-I , dysfunction , diabetes, epidermal, transfusions , anulocyte colony -stimulating facto (G-CSF), administration granulocyte transfusions, peripheral stem cell transfusion, with anaplastic thyroid   cancer, biologic response , cell sources , clinical significance , clinical use , endocrine effects , functions gene , immune functions , inflammatory response, lymphocyte-derived, neuroimmunoendcronology, neutrophil recovery, ,neutrophils, prevention cell death, skiin, with squamous cell carcinoma thyroid, therapeutic applications , three-dimensional  structure , Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor(s), Granulocyte-macrophase colony-stmulating factor (Gm-CSF), asthma, autoimmune thyroiditis, biologic response , cell sources , clinical    significance endocrine effects , functions , gene , HIT-1 replication, human, three-dimensional structure , immune   functions , lymphocyte-derived, preventionof cell death, pulmonary effects , skiin, sleep-promoting properties , therapeutic application , Granulocyte-macrophase colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSE) receptor(s), Granulocyte transfusion, Granulocytopenia, iatrogenic, granulocytopoiesis, gorticosteroids , Granulaoma(s) conjunctival, causes, , giant-cell   central, estrogens , mandibular, peripheral, pituitary, pituitary, Granuloma annulare diabetes, with sulfornylurea therapy, Granulomatous disease. Histiocytosis X; Sarcoidosis; tuberculosis delayed puberty, goiter , hypercalcemia , glucocorticoids , somatostatin receptor scintigraphy , thyroditis with, Granulosa cell(s) apoptosis promoters , cumulus, mucification , ovulation, cytodifferentiation , cytokines produced by, differentiation , graafian follicle, FSH-induced proliferation , gap junction , oocyte growth, periantral atresia , luteinization, secondary follicle, selected follicle,    Granulosa lutein cells, Granulaosa tumor(s) androgenic, juvenile ovarian, Gras, Soren, Graves disease,. Goiter; Hyperthyroidism; Throid acropachy; Throtoxicosis animal models , associated disorders, cancer treatment-related, children, clinical manifestations , cutaneous manifestation , cutaneous manifestations , definition , diagnosis , differential diagnosis , elderly, epidemiology , etiology , euthyroid, follow-up , genetics , Hashimoto disease (throiditis,)    differentiation , with Hashimoto throiditis, Helicobacter pylori , historical perspective , , HLA association, humoral immunity , hypetrophic osteoarthropathy with, immune stigmata associated with, immunology , improvement ,      pregnancy, laboratory assessment , long-term remission factors increasing chance , lymphadenopathy , methimazole-induced agranulocytosis , HLA association, Japanese patients, natural history , neonatal, causes ,          clinical features , epidemiology , newborns at risk , treatment , neonatal thyroid function, noendocrien organ-            specific disorders associated with, nutritional management , ovular manifestations , Ophathalmopathy classification , ophthalmopathy . Ophthalmopathy pathogenesis , pathophysiology , pernicious anemia, postpartum, pregnancy,      prrtibial myxedema , prevalence , pulmonary hypertension with, redionucline imaging , relapse , risk factors ,         remission , signs symptoms , surgery , signs symptoms , surgery , T cells , thrombocytopenia , thyroid cancer with,   thryroid imaging , thyroid uptake , transient, children, treated, iodide-induced hypothyroidism, treatment ,     otolaryngologic considerations , ultrasound , Graves ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmopathy somatostatin receptor    scintigraphy , Grb-2 (growth factor receptor bound protein), IGF-I signaling pathway, GRB2 adapter molecule GRE. Glucocorticoid response element(s) Greene, Douglas A., GREs. Glucocorticoid response element (s) GRIH (growth hormone release -inhibiting hormone). somatostatin Griseofulvin, effects endocrine function values, GRO-Alpha., cell source , Ground-glass appearance, fibrous dysplasia, Growht abnormal causes , classification , clinical evaluation ,    growth curve , medical history , physical examination , terminology describe, Growht (Continued) atypical feta,     postnatal somatic growth , body proportions during, body segment ration , calcium balance, catch-up, after Cushing disease treatment, children, cellular, diffuse neuroendocrine system changing patterns , glucocorticoids ,        hypothyroidsm ,   iatrogenic effects , infancy childhood, insulin-like growth factors , Klinefelter syndrome, monitoring, treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia, normal infant child, insulin-like growth factors , I phosphorylase kinase deficiency, postnatal, normal linear, pubertal, females, males, retardation. Growth retardation serum tarttrase-resistant acid phosphatase level , slow, with or without short stature, spurt. Growht spurt(s) suppression , glucocorticoid-induced, urinary excretion hydroxyproline glycosides during, growth attainment, Growth charts, children with constitutional disease, infants children, premature infants, small--gestational-age infants, Growth factor(s). specific growth factor androgen-induced (AIGF), biologic response , atrial natriuretic peptide synthesis, B-cell (BCGF) biologic response , high molecular weight. Interleukin(s), IL-14 bone-derived, breast milk, cell sources , cystine knot, definition , endothelial, epidermal (EGF). Epidermal growth factor folliculogenesis, GRO-Alpha, cell source , hematopoietic, autoimmune thyroiditis, clinical use , heparin-binding epidermal (HB-EGF), cell source , hepatocyte (HGF) biologic response , cell source , hormonal carcinogensis, hyperparathyroidism, insulin-like. Insulin-like growth factor(s) intestinal, keratinocyte (KGF), pulmonary effects , mammogenesis, mast-cell. Stem cell factor negative, breast cancer, nerve (NGF). Nerve growth factor physicochemical characteristics , placenta-derived, plateleta-derived, platelet-derived (PDGF). Platelet-derived growth factor platelet-derived endothelial growth factor (PD-EGF), cell source , platelets,    preimplantation embryo, pulmonary, pharmacologi/physiologic effects , physiologic factors affecting, pulmonary    pathology schwannoma-derived, skeletal effects , skiin, somatostatin release, transforming. Transforming growth factor trophoblastic, vascular endothelial (VEGF). Vascular endothelia growth factor Growht factor inducible chemokine (FIC), biologic response , Growth factor receptor bound protein (Grb-2), IGF-I signaling pathway, Growth failure, classification , Cushing disease, definitions , deprivationa dwarfism, diagnosis , HIV-infected children, with suprasellar dysgerminoma, treatment , type III glycogen storage disease, Growth hormone (GH), abuse , acromegalic complication , actions aging , AIDS wasting syndrome, alcohol , anabolic effects , stress, binding GHBP, biologically inactive, blood pressure, acromegaly, cardiac effects , chorionic. Human placental lactogen cognitive functioning, counterinsulin action , critical illness, deficiency , acquired, confirmation diagnosis, presenting manifestations, prognosis, short stature , therapy, adult-onset, adults, clinical manifestations , hormone replacement therapy , therapy , cancer treatment-onset, adults, clinical manifestations , hormone replacement therapy , therapy , cancer treatment-related, cardiac effects childhood-onset, retesting adults, children with tuberculous meningitis, clinical presentation , combined pituitary       hormone deficiency, congenital, incidence , presenting manifestations, short stature , , delayed puberty, androgen replacement therapy , diagnosis , didgnostic imaging , dwarfism with, elderly, etiology , genetic disorders ketosis , idiopathic, infants children diagnostic criteria , hormone replacement therapy , treatment , isolated, causes , dominantly inherited form , glucose intolerance , laboratory diagnosis , difficulties with, leukemia , lipid metabolism , lipoprotein metabolism , maintenance therapy , medical history , physical examination , prognosis , radiation-related, respiratory effects , selective, signs symptoms , treatment , type IA, type IB, type II, type III, definition , depression, dialysis patients, erythropoietin therapy , effects endocrine function values, embryo, excess,. Acromegaly; Gigantism diabetes secondary , McCune-Albright syndrome, respiratory effects , exercise , exogenous, abuse , acromegalic complications , fetal, genes , GH-N (GH-1), GH-V (GH-2), GH-N (GH-1) genes , mutations, growth hormone deficiency, GH-V (GH-2), genes , gonadal dysgenesis, gonadotropin-dependent/central precocious puberty, granulose cell apoptosis, hair growth, hematopoiesis, hepatic effects , HIV-infected children, homeostasis, liver disease , human, therapy with, Creutzfeldt-  Jakob disease, human ploacental lactogen, homologies between, hypercalcemai caused by, hypersecretion ,.   Acromegaly; pituitary adenoma(s), growth hormone cell medical therapy , radiation therapy , hypersensitivity , hypoglycemia, immunostimulatory properties , insensitivity, acquired, genetic causes , insulin action, 20 kDa, 22 kDa, laboratory testing , standards , lactation leptin secretion, lipolytic effects , lipoprotein metabolism, mechanism action , metabolic effects , monocyte activation by, neurosecretory dysfunction, infants children, obesity , oligomers , ovulation induction, paraneoplastic (ectopic) secretion , pituitary, radioimmunoassay , pituitary adenoma producing. Acromegaly; Pituitary adenoma(s), growth hormone cell placental, redioimmunoassays , secretin, regulation , structure , variant, plasma half-life , plasma lipids, plasma lipoproteins, plasma/serum level anorexia nervosa, critical illness, acute phase, depression, diurnal profile , endothelin , fasting, liver disease, measurement , during menstrual cycle, paraneoplastic GHRH syndrome, pregnancy, sleep apnea , posttranscriptional processing (alternative splicing), precursor , protein metabolism, radioimmunossays , recombinant human, adverse effects side effects , AIDS -related wasting syndrome, dosage administration , HIV-associated fat redistribution, therapy with, critical illness, dosage administration , reference values , renal metabolism , renal responses resistance, anorexia nervosa, critical illness, , secretagogues, therapy with, critical illness, secretion , abnormal, renal disease, age-related patterns , inanorexia nervosa, chronic stress, critical illness, chronic phase, cytokines , dopamine , dynamic tests , dysregulation , infants children, eicosanoids , feedback control , IL-6 , impairment , leptin deficiency, modulation by sleep circadian rhythmicity, neural control , physiologic short-term regulators , pregnancy, pulsatile, regulation , response hemorrhage, genital dimorphism , sleep stages , somatostatin , substance P , suppressibility, dynamic testing , TRH , alcoholic liver disease, skeletal effects , acromegaly, sleep-promoting properties , somatostatin release, species specificity , starvation structure , synthesis , therapy with, action , adults, adverse effects side effects , auxologic criteria , biosynthetic, renal dwarfism, turner syndrome, children, complication , critical illness, dosage administration , adults, elderly, elderly men, growth curve with, growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction, guidelines , endocrinologic side effects , indication , human, pituitary-derived, indications , insurance coverage , patients without growth hormone deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, preparation , renal dwarfism, rerersal atherosclerotic changes, short stature, Turner syndrome, thymic effects , trace minerals, urinary, testing growth hormone secretion, variants , plasma half-lives , secretion , vitamin D metabolism, Growth hormone (GH) analog (s), therapy with, critical illness, Growht hormone (GH) antagonist(s) acromegaly, Growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP), growth hormone insensitivity, growth hormone-releasing hormone, combined, dynamic testing growth hormone secretion, hormone binding , regulation , Growth hormone cells. Somatotrope (s) Growth hormone insensitive syndrome (GHIS). Growth hormone (GH), insensitivity Growth hormone receptor(s) (GHR), binding affinities , functional domains , gene , GH-induced dimerization , intracellular signaling pathways , lymphocytes, mutation , regulation , renal, variants , Growht hormone relase-inhibiting hormone (GRIH). Somatostatin Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), actions , amino acid sequence , central nervous system effects , critical illness, dynamic testing growth hormone secretion, ectopic production , elderly, excess, fetal, gene , GH secretion, growth hormone-binding protein, combined, dynamic testing growth hormone secretion, neurons containing, hypothalamus, nocturnal growth hormone secretion, paraneoplastic (ectopic) secretion , pituitary tumorigenesis, plasma/ serum level , cancer, precursor , secretion , cytokines , by gastrointestinal tumors, regulation , sleep-promostatin release, somatotrope hyperplasia, structure , therapy with action , adverse effects side effects , dosage administration , indications , preparation , tissue distribution , tumors secreting, characteristics , treatment , Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) agonist(s) benign prostatic hyperplasia, Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) defects, growth hormone deficiency, mutations , related endocrine disorders, pituitary somatotrope development, structure , Growth hormone-releasing hormone test drug effects , expected response , intraindividual variation , method , physiologic factors affecting, special considerations/interpretation , substance measure , Growht hormone-releasing peptide(s) (GHRPs), action , central nervous system effects , critical illness, therapy with, critical illness, Growth hormone-releasing peptide(s) (GHRPs) receptor (s), Growth retardation hepatic glycogen phosphorylase drficiency, IGF-I receptor abnormalities , ocular manifestations , renal soteodystrophy, uremic children, Growth spurt(s) gender , pubertal, delayed, IGF-I abnormalities , Growht velocity, GRP. Gastrin-releasing peptide GRPP. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide Gruenewald, David A. GST. Glutathione triphosphate GTPase, GTP-binding proteins. G protein(s) Guaifenesin, effects endocrine function values, Guanabenz effects endocrine function values, mechanism action , Guanadrel, effects endocrine function values, Guanethidine (Ismelin) effects endocrine function values, dysfunction, hypotensive effect , lid retraction, Guanfacine, effects endocrine function values, Guanine nucleotide regulatory protein(s). G protein(s) Guanosine diphosphat (GDP) IGF-I singnaling pathway, steroidogenesis, Guanosine triphosphate-bindign protein. G protein(s) guanylate cyclase, renin release, soluble, platelets, Gubernaculum testis, Guevedoces syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Guineal pig, autoimmune endocrine disese modeled , Gut. Gastrointestinal system primitive, Gut-peptide hypothesis, appetite regulation, Gynandroblastoma(s), Gynecomastia, acquired disorders , before after treatment, alcohol , with androgen replacement therapy, causes , chemotherapy ,   cirrhotic males, clinical presentation , congenital disorder , contragenital precocious puberty , drugs associated with, essential, estrogen/androgen ratio , estrogen therapy prostate cancer, evaluation , general considerations , growth   hormone replacement , histologic appearance , hormonal context , hypogonadism , Klinefelter syndrome, treatment , pathogenesis , persistent pubertal, physical examination , physiologic, puberty, refeding, renal failure, spinobulbar  muscular atrophy , starvation , surgery , with testicular atrophy, toxins , treatment , tumors , vanishing testes          syndrome , Gynogen L.A. 20. Estradiol valerate oil Gynoid body type, diabetes , Gyrate atrophy, organ-specific involvement , H Haarsheiben, HAART. Highly active antiretroviral therapy Habener, Joel F., Haemophilus influenzae adrenal hermorrhage caused cause by, meningitis, corticosteroids , HAFR. HIV-associated fat redistribution Hagberg-Santavuori syndrome, ocular manifestations , Hageman factor, as kallikrein activator, Hair Addison disease, axillary, loss , hypopituitarism, growth Klinefelter syndrome, phases , pregnancy, hirsutism , hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hertied disorders amino-acid metabolism, terminal androgen , development , Hair follicle(s), anagen, glucose metabolism , changes , durmg growth, Hair loss. Alopecia hemochromatosis, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, postpartum, pregrtum, pregnancy, Halazepam. Benzodiazepine(s) Halban, Philippe A., Hall Nicholas R.S., Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, ocular manifestation fo, Halline, Allan G., Hallucination(s) Bromocriptine-related endocrinopathy, Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon compound(s) chemical structure , effects thyroid gland, toxic effects , haloperidol. Benzodiazeping(s) vasopressin secretion, Halotestin. Fluoxymesterone Halothane effects endocrine function values, toxic effects , HAM. Hypoparathyroidsm, adrenal insufficiency, mucocutaneous candidiasis, Hamartoblastoma(s), hypothalamic, Harmartoma(s) hypothalamic gonadotrapin-dependent precocious puberty , imaging , hypothalamic sellar region, nomenchlature , Hamburger thyrotoxicosis, differential diagnosis , Hammerhead sequence, ribozyme,Harmmerhead sequence, ribozyme, Harmmertoe, Hamster, Autoimmune endocrine disease modeled , Hand(s). Diabetic hand abnormalities , Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, Dupuytren contracture , symptoms , acromegaly, Hand-foot-utrus syndrome, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, Haploid number, chromosomes, Hapten(s) Haptoglobin, inflammatory response, Harner Stephen, G., Harris-Benedict equation, Harrison groove(s), rickets, Hartnup disease ( syndrome), clinical findings , cutaneous manifestations , genetics , metabolic defect , organ-specific involvement , Hashimoto disease (thyroiditis), animal models , associated disorders, chest wall pain chronic fibrous, clinical features , differential diagnosis , etiology goiter , graves disease, differentiation , Graves disease with, Helicobacter pylori , histology , historical persective , HLA association, humoral immunity , hypothyroid, IFN-alpha , immune stigmata associate with, immunology , juvenile, laboratory assessment , lymphadenopathy , MEN1, mysasthenia gravis, nephritic syndrome, nonedocrien organ-specific disorders associated with, pathogenesis , pathology , pregnancy, prevalence , prognosis , rheumatic cimplications , seronegative signs symptoms , T cells , thyroid cancer, co-occurrence , prognosis , thyroid uptake , treatment ,   ultrasound , Hasimoto encephalopathy, Hasitoxicosis, differential diagnosis Hassall corpuscles, Hatle, Marianne, Hausmann, Michael J., Hay fever, exogenous estrogens , HbA. Hemoglobin, glycated HB-EGF. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor HCB. Hexachlorobenzene HCC. Hepatocellular carcinoma hCG. Human chorionic gonatdotropin hCS. Chorionic somatomammotropin, human HDL. High-density lipoproteins Headache. Migraine(s) acromegaly, chiamsal syndromes, children, empty sella syndrome, injectable contraception , with nonfunctional pituitary adenoma, with pheochromocytoma, with pituitary adenomas, with space-occupying lesion sella or parasellar region,   Head injury, hyperglycemia , prognostic significance , Head trauma, hypopituitarsm after, Hearing, endocrinopathy , Hearing loss. Deafness conductive, fluctuating hyperlipidemia, osteogenesis imperfecta, ostopetrois, Paget disease bone, 

Different Hospitals in india are: Moolchand Health Care, St. Stephen’s Hospital, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, G.B Pant Hospital, Lok Nayak Hospital, RG Stone Urological Reasarch Institue, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Jeevan Hospital, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Orthonova Hospital, Batra Hospital, Sahi Hospital, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Holy Faimly Hospital, Jeevan Mala Hospital, Jaipur Golden Hospital, Lady Harding Hospital, Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, Mata Chanan Devi Hospital, Safdarjung Hospital, Mohindra Hospital, M.P Heart centre Hospital, Bara Hospital, Hindu Rao Hospital, Holy Angels Hospital, Shankar Hospital, Holy Family Hospital, Chopra Hospital, Escorts Hospital St. Stephen's Hospital, Vardaan Hospital, Visitech Eye Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, Safdarjung Hospital, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash (LNJP) Hospital, Private Hospital, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Kalra Hospital,  Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bowring Hospital, B W Lions Eye Hospital, Bangalore Hospital, Bangalore Children's Hospital, Genesis Hospital, Lakeside Hospital, M G A Hospital, Mallya Hospital, Manipal Hospital, Sindhi Charitable Hospital, Yellamma Dasappa Hospital,  Sir Harkisandas Narottamdas Hospital, Prince Alikhan Hospital, Saifee Hospital, Breach Candy Hospital, Jaslok Hospital, Habib Ismail Hosptal, Kalajyot Hospital, Motiben Dalvi Hospital, Bombay Hospital, Corwest Jain Clinic Group of Hospitals, D.S. Kothari Hospital, Lotus Hospital, Elizabeth Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, The Bomanji Dinshaw Petit Parsee Hospital, Cumbala Hill Hospital, Noor Hospital, K.B. Haji Bachoali Charitable Ophthalmic & ENT Hospital, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hspital, Nawroji Wadia Maternity Hospital, Wadia Hospital, Yerla Medical Trust Hospital, Tarachand Bappa Hospital, Dhanwantari Hospital, Shri Samasta Parajiya Suvarna Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Holi Spirit Hospital, Lilavati Hospital, The Bandra Holy Family Hospital, Raheja Hospital, Gurunanak Memorial Hospital, Ramakrishna Mission Hospital, Radhibai Watumull Global Hospital, BSES Hospital, Sushrut Hospital, LH Hiranandani Hospital, Maganlal Popatlal & Sarvoday Hospital, Rajawadi Municipal General Hospital, Shatabdi Hospital, KBB Hospital, V.N. Hospital, Dr.K.B. Babha Hospital, Cooper Hospital, Bhagwati Hospital, Sion Hospital, K.E.M. Hospital Nayar Hospital, Kama Hospital, G.T. Hospital, J.J. 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Hospital, Hospital for Mental Diseases, Sarojini Devi Hospital, Sundram Medical Foundation, Chennai. MIOT Hospital, Chennai. Apollo Hospital, Madras. Malar Hospital Limited, Gandhi Nagar Adyar, Chenni. Calcutta Medical College Hospital. N.R.S. Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta. R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Calcutta. Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital, Instt. of Postgraduate Med. Education & Research, Calcutta Seth S.K.M. Hospital, Calcutta. Sambhu Nath Pandit Hospital, Calcutta. Lady Dufferinvictoria Hospital, Calcutta. Howrah General Hospital, Howrah, Hoogly Sadar Hospital, Hoogly, Chittaranjan Seva Sadan & Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital,  Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan General Hospital, Calcutta.Sir Harkisandas Narottamdas Hospital, Prince Alikhan Hospital, Saifee Hospital, Breach Candy Hospital, Jaslok Hospital, Habib Ismail Hosptal, Kalajyot Hospital, Motiben Dalvi Hospital, Bombay Hospital, Corwest Jain Clinic Group of Hospitals, D.S. Kothari Hospital, Lotus Hospital, Elizabeth Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, The Bomanji Dinshaw Petit Parsee Hospital, Cumbala Hill Hospital, Noor Hospital, K.B. Haji Bachoali Charitable Ophthalmic & ENT Hospital, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hspital, Nawroji Wadia Maternity Hospital, Wadia Hospital, Yerla Medical Trust Hospital, Tarachand Bappa Hospital, Dhanwantari Hospital, Shri Samasta Parajiya Suvarna Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Smt.B.C.J. General Hospital, Holi Spirit Hospital, Lilavati Hospital, The Bandra Holy Family Hospital, Raheja Hospital, Gurunanak Memorial Hospital, Ramakrishna Mission Hospital, Radhibai Watumull Global Hospital, BSES Hospital, Sushrut Hospital, LH Hiranandani Hospital, Maganlal Popatlal & Sarvoday Hospital, Rajawadi Municipal General Hospital, Shatabdi Hospital, KBB Hospital, V.N. Hospital, Dr.K.B. Babha Hospital, Cooper Hospital, Bhagwati Hospital, Sion Hospital, K.E.M. Hospital Nayar Hospital, Kama Hospital, G.T. Hospital, J.J. Hospital, Sr.George Hospital,

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